高考英语 专题15 阅读理解考纲解读及热点难点试题演练.doc

专题15 阅读理解-2014年高考英语考纲解读及热点难点试题演练要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：理解主旨和要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。一、选题特征分析近几年的高考阅读试题，可以看出高考选题具有以下四个特征：1时代新颖性每年的高考试卷中都有一定的文章，讲某一领域的新知识或介绍一些新观念、新方法或新事物，如：浙江卷介绍具有触摸屏导购装置的超市购物车。2人文实用性每年的高考试卷中都有一定的新闻和广告方面的应用文，注重人文与学生生活、社会生活的结合，尽可能体现语言的实用性与工具性。如：全国卷的(英国)路透社对于美加边界居民跨国界做礼拜的报道。3体裁多样性高考阅读的体裁包括人物传记、叙述文、说明文、应用文和议论文。如：江苏卷的a篇是人物传记，介绍英国作家jane austen；b篇是应用文，书店导购；c篇是叙述文，讲述the sahara festival庆祝活动相关内容；d篇是说明文，介绍植物自我保护功能；e篇是议论文，论述了20世纪科学上的进步给人类带来的影响。可以说，如果语言输入量没有一定的广度，是不能适应这种选材上的多样化的。4考查综合性为了能够考查学生较高层面上的阅读技能，所选语篇在结构上都较复杂。作者在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上，运用了较高的组篇手段。这些语篇内容一般有逻辑、有层次、有深度，因而，试题的命制也有相应的层次。另外，每年都有一定比例的试题是考语言以外的背景知识，会涉及到人文、地理、历史、政治、自然科学等方面。二、题干设计总体来说，其干扰项目的设置具有一定的科学理论模糊性，正确答案项与干扰项差异不明显，因而干扰项具有很大的迷惑性。供选项少则每项为一个词，多则每项为一个长句，多数是每项为一个短语。阅读理解题设计从题干到选项都具有灵活、巧妙、含蓄、迂回、曲折等特点，干扰性体现在：脱离原文、以偏概全、扩缩范围、偷换概念、正误并存。因此，必须在明确题意、排除干扰、找出文章依据的前提下，经过深刻思考才能确定答案。考点1、科普常识类例1、(2013浙江，b)below is a selection from a popular science book.if blood is red，why are veins(静脉) blue?actually，veins are not blue at all.they are more of a clear，yellowish colour.although blood looks red when its outside the body，when its sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin，its more of a dark reddish purple colour.at the right depth，these bloodfilled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin，making them look blue by comparison.which works harder，your heart or your brain?that kind of depends on whether youre busy thinking or busy exercising.your heart works up to three times harder during exercise，and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker.but，in the long run，your brain probably tips it，because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart，and it takes four to five times as much blood to feed it.why do teeth fall out，and why dont they grow back in grownups?baby (or “milk”) teeth do not last long；they fall out to make room for bigger，stronger adult teeth later on.adult teeth fall out when they become damaged，decayed and infected by bacteria.once this second set of teeth has grown in，youre done.when theyre gone，theyre gone.this is because nature figures youre set for life，and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.do old people shrink as they age?yes and no.many people do get shorter as they age.but，when they do，it isnt because theyre shrinking all over.they simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力)many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older.men lose an average of 34 cm in height as they age，while women may lose 5 cm or more.if you live to be 200 years old，would you keep shrinking till you were，like 60 cm tall，like a little boy again？no，because old people dont really shrink！it is not that they are growing backwardstheir legs，arms and backbones getting shorter.when they do get shorter，its because the spine has shortened a little.or，more often，become more bent and curved.why does spinning make you dizzy(眩晕的)?because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling.the brain senses that youre spinning using special gravityandmotionsensing organs in your inner ear，which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable.but，when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control，and your brain thinks youre moving while youre not!where do feelings and emotions come from?mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system.all mammals have this brain areafrom mice to dogs，cats，and humans.so all mammals feel basic emotions like fear，pain and pleasure.but since human feelings also involve other，newer bits of the brain，we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.if exercise wears you out，how can it be good for you?because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them.and as far as your body is concerned，its “use it，or lose it”！its not that exercise makes you healthy；its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.1what is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?ablue. blight yellow.cred. ddark reddish purple.2why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?abecause their spine is in active use.bbecause they are more easily affected by gravity.cbecause they keep growing backwards.dbecause their spine becomes more bent.3which of the following statements about our brain is true?ain the long run，our brain probably works harder than our heart.bwhen our brain senses the spinning，we will feel dizzy.cthe brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.dour feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.4what is the main purpose of the selection?ato give advice on how to stay healthy.bto provide information about our body.cto challenge new findings in medical research.dto report the latest discoveries in medical science.考点2、社会现象类例2、(2013湖北，d)a german study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.the paper, published this march in psychology and aging, examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 germans between ages 18 and 96.the surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, among other questions.the researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.“we observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，” wrote frieder rlang, a professor at the university of erlangennuremberg.lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.“seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions(预防措施)，”the authors wrote.surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.the authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.illness, medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.however, the researchers said a pattern was clear.“we found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic, to accurate, to pessimistic，” the authors concluded.5according to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?aoptimistic adults. bmiddleaged adults.cadults in poor health. dadults of lower income.6pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people_.ato fully enjoy their present lifebto estimate their contribution accuratelycto take measures against potential risksdto value health more highly than wealth7how do people of higher income see their future?athey will earn less money.bthey will become pessimistic.cthey will suffer mental illness.dthey will have less time to enjoy life.8what is the clear conclusion of the study?apessimism guarantees chances of survival.bgood financial condition leads to good health.cmedical treatment determines health outcomes.dexpectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.考点3、人文地理类例3、(2013重庆，d)not all bodies of water are so evidently alive as the atlantic ocean，an sshaped body of water covering 33 million square miles.the atlantic has，in a sense，replaced the mediterranean as the inland sea of western civilization.unlike real inland seas，which seem strangely still，the atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness.it is perhaps not surprising that its vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.“storm at sea”，a short poem written around 700，is generally regarded as one of mankinds earliest artistic representations of the atlantic.when the wind is from the westall the waves that cannot rest to the east must thunder on where the bright tree of the sunis rooted in the oceans breast.as the poem suggests，the atlantic is never dead and dull.it is an ocean that moves，impressively and endlessly.it makes all kinds of noiseit is forever thundering，boiling，crashing，and whistling.it is easy to imagine the atlantic trying to draw breathperhaps not so noticeably out in midocean，but where it meets land，its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.it mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.it is filled with symbiotic existences，too：unimaginable quantities of creatures，little and large alike，mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony，giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat，a kind of subocean vitality.and it has a psychology.it has personalities：sometimes peaceful and pleasant，on rare occasions rough and wild；always it is strong and striking.9unlike real inland seas，the atlantic ocean is _.aalways energetic blacking in livelinesscshaped like a square dfavored by ancient poets10what is the purpose of using the poem “storm at sea” in the passage?ato describe the movement of the waves.bto show the strength of the storm.cto represent the power of the ocean.dto prove the vastness of the sea.11what does the underlined word “symbiotic” mean?aliving together. bgrowing fast.cmoving harmoniously. dbreathing peacefully.12in the last paragraph，the atlantic is compared to _.aa beautiful and poetic placeba flesh and blood personca wonderful worldda lovely animal考点4、人物传记类例4、(2013山东，b)george gershwin，born in 1898，was one of americas greatest composers.he published his first song when he was eighteen years old.during the next twenty years he wrote more than five hundred songs.many of gershwins songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in new york city.these plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s.many of his songs have remained popular as ever.over the years they have been sung and played in every possible wayfrom jazz to country.in the 1920s there was a debate in the united states about jazz music.could jazz，some people asked，be considered serious music? in 1924 jazz musician and orchestra leader paul whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music.gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized he had just a few weeks to do it.and in that short time，he composed a piece for piano and orchestra which he called rhapsody in blue.gershwin himself played the piano at the concert.the audience were thrilled when they heard his music.it made him worldfamous and showed that jazz music could be both serious and popular.in 1928，gershwin went to paris.he applied to study composition (作曲)with the wellknown musician nadia boulanger，but she rejected him. she was afraid that classical study would ruin his jazzinfluenced style.while there，gershwin wrote an american in paris.when it was first performed，critics (评论家)were divided over the music.some called it happy and full of life，to others it was stilly and boring.but it quickly became popular in europe and the united states.it still remains one of his most famous works.george gershwin died in 1937，just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer.he was only thirtynine years old.newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages.people mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have still written.【语篇解读】 本文讲述了george gershwin 一位伟大的音乐家的一生，对音乐界及世界的影响。 13many of gershwins musical works were_.awritten about new yorkersbcomposed for paul whitemancplayed mainly in the countrysidedperformed in various ways14what do we know about the concert organized by whiteman?ait attracted more people to theatres.bit proved jazz could be serious music.cit made gershwin leader of the orchestra.dit caused a debate among jazz musicians.15what did gershwin do during his stay in paris?ahe created one of his best works.bhe studied with nadia boulanger.che argued with french critics.dhe changed his music style.16what do we learn from the last paragraph?amany of gershwins works were lost.bthe death of gershwin was widely reported.ca concert was held in memory of gershwin.dbrain cancer research started after gershwins death.17which of the following best describes gershwin?atalented and productive. bserious and boring.cpopular and unhappy. dfriendly and honest.考点5、文学赏析类例5、(2013江西，d)mark twain has been called the inventor of the american novel.and he surely deserves additional praise：the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.i say clever because antislavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the civil war.h.b.stowes uncle toms cabin is only the most famous example.these early stories dealt directly with slavery.with minor exceptions，twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely.he drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.again and again，in the postwar years，twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race.consider the most controversial，at least today，of twains novels，adventures of huckleberry finn.only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as huckleberry finn，twains most widely read tale.once upon a time，people hated the book because it struck them as rude.twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums(贫民窟)”more recently the book has been attacked because of the character jim，the escaped slave，and many occurences of the word nigger.(the term nigger jim，for which the novel is often severely criticized，never appears in it.)but the attacks were and are sillyand miss the point.the novel is strongly antislavery.jims search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic.as jchadwick has pointed out，the character of jim was a first in american fictiona recognition that the slave had two personalities，“the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual：jim，the father and the man.”there is much more.twains mystery novel puddnhead wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day.written at a time when the accepted wisdom held negroes to be inferior(低等的)to whites，especially in intelligence，twains tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth.a slave gave birth to her masters baby and，for fear that the child should be sold south，switched him for the masters baby by his wife.the slaves lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slaveholding class.the masters wifes baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.the point was difficult to miss：nurture(养育)，not nature，was the key to social status.the features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudicemanner of speech，for examplewere，to twain，indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.twains racial tone was not perfect.one is left uneasy，for example，by the lengthy passage in his autobiography(自传)about how much he loved what were called“nigger shows”in his youthmostly with white men performing in blackfaceand his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.yet there is no reason to think twain saw the shows as representing reality.his frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.was twain a racist？asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of lincoln.if we read the words and attitudes of the past through the“wisdom”of the considered moral judgments of the present，we will find nothing but error.lincoln，who believed the black man the inferior of the white，fought and won a war to free him.and twain，raised in a slave state，briefly a soldier，and inventor of jim，may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.【语篇解读】 通过研究马克吐温的作品，来判定他是否是一名种族主义者。作者列举了大量事实，说明了马克吐温是名反对种族主义的斗士，反驳了别人那些错误的观点。18how do twains novels on slavery differ from stowes?atwain was more willng to deal with racism.btwains attack on racism was much less open.ctwains themes seemed to agree with plots.dtwain was openly concerned with racism.19recent criticism of adventures of huckleberry finn arose partly from its_.atarget readers at the bottombantislavery attitudecrather impolite languagedfrequent use of “nigger”20what best proves twains antislavery stand ac