2013 下英文复习-心内.doc

急性冠脉综合症:动脉粥样硬化斑块破溃，继发完全或不完全性闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的 一组临床综合征，包括不稳定型心绞痛(UA)、急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)和ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)及猝死.Acute coronary syndrome: ACS is caused by rupture of coronary atherosclerosis plaque, secondary to complete or incomplete occlusive thrombosis as pathological basis of a group of clinical syndrome, including unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTE - MI) and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). sudden cardiac death may occur with it心肌重塑（Myocardial Remodeling）：由于一些列复杂的分子和细胞机制导致心肌结构、功能和表型得变化。临床表现为心肌重量、心室容积的增加和心室形态的改变。 最终导致心肌收缩性和顺应性下降。Myocardial remodeling: because of some complex molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to myocardial structure, function and form to change. The clinical manifestations of increased heart weight, ventricular volume and ventricular morphology change. which lead to myocardialcontractility and compliance decreased (because of myocardial injure, myocardialinoverloadstate for a long time, theneurohumoral factors and othergrowth substance activedunder the influence, myocardialcells,extracellular matrix,collagen fiber networkhas a corresponding change, such as myocardial hypertrophy,increased extracellular matrix, myocardial fibrosis, leading to myocardialcontractility and compliance decreased ) Heart failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow or ventricular filling caused by various diseases in cardiac structure and/or function. The blood flow cant meet the needs of the body due to the disorder of the ventricular systole. It can caused congestion in pulmonary circulation and/or systemic circulation. Sometimes the disorder of ventricular diastole function can also congestion in pulmonary circulation. SAM征：肥厚梗阻性心肌病病人可见室间隔流出道部分向左心室内突出，二尖瓣前叶在收缩期向前方运动，即为SAM征。SAM syndrome: hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients showed ventricular septal outflow part of left ventricular prominence,the anterior mitral leaflet systolic forward motion,namely SAM syndrome.Variant angina pectoris refers to cardiac pain occurring at rest and characterized by transient ST elevation (instead of classical plane ST depression of exertional angina).It is due to coronary artery spasm.心房颤动的治疗原则包括复律及维持窦律、控制心室率和抗凝治疗三个方面。The principle of treatment of atrial fibrillation: the treatment of atrial fibrillation cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm include, ventricular rate control and anticoagulant three treatment.舒张性心衰：由于舒张期心室的主动松弛能力受损和心室顺应性降低导致心室在舒张期充盈受限，心室压力-容积曲线向左上方移位，因而心博出量减低，左室舒张末压增高而发生心衰，而代表收缩功能的射血分数正常。Diastolic heart failure: due to diastolic ventricular active relaxation impairment and decreased ventricular compliance that ventricular diastolic filling is impaired, the shift of ventricular pressure volume curve to the left at the top,so the stroke volume decreased, left ventricular end diastolic pressure increased,then the heart failure occurred, whereas on behalf of the systolic function of ejection fraction is often normal.Ewart征：大量心包积液时，心脏向左后移位，压迫左肺，引起左肺下叶不张，在左肩胛下角区出现肺实变表现，叩诊浊音，听诊支气管呼吸。称为Ewart征Ewart syndrome: a large pericardial effusion, cardiac shift to the left , due to compression of the left lung, then lower lobe of the left lung atelectasis, in the left inferior angle of scapula region of pulmonary consolidation performance, percussion dullness, auscultation bronchial breathing. Known as Ewart syndromecardiac tamponade (Beck三联症)：血压下降或休克，颈静脉显著扩张，心音低顿或遥远，称为Beck三联症，临床以急性心包填塞多见。Becks triad: drop of blood pressure or shock, jugular vein dilation, low blunt or distant heart sound, known as Beck triad, clinical with acute cardiac tamponade.心律失常：指心脏冲动的频率、节律、起源部位、传导速度和激动次序的异常Arrhythmia: refers to the abnormal cardiac impulse origin, frequency, rhythm, conduction velocity or excited order aspect. Kussmaul征：缩窄性心包炎患者吸气时周围静脉回心血量增多，而已缩窄的心包使心室失去适应性扩张的能力，致使静脉压力升高，吸气时颈静脉扩张更明显，称为Kussmaul征Kussmaul syndrome: constrictive pericarditis patients breathe so that peripheral venous blood volume increase, narrow pericardium ventricular lose adaptive expansion, venous pressure rises up, accompanied with inhale, the jugular venous distented more significantly , known as the Kussmaul syndrome.主动脉瓣狭窄三联征：呼吸困难、心绞痛、晕厥。Triple sign of aortic stenosis : dyspnea, angina, syncope.心梗并发症:乳头肌功能失调或断裂;心脏破裂;室壁瘤；心肌梗死后综合征；栓塞the dysfunction or rupture of the papillary muscle;rupture of the heart;ventricular aneurysm;postinfarction syndrome;embolism 冠心病分为哪几种类型？1） 隐匿型2）心绞痛型3）心肌梗死型4）缺血性心肌病型5）猝死Coronary heart disease which is divided into several types?1) .latent type 2) angina pectoris type 3).myocardial infarction type 4)ischemic cardiomyopathy type 5) sudden death type简述心衰的治疗措施？防治引起心力衰竭的基本病因和诱因；改善血流动力学，减轻心脏的前后负荷拮抗过度启动的神经内分泌系统，调节心力衰竭的代偿机制改善心肌的能量代谢，保护心肌细胞。therapeutic measure of heart failure?1).The basic pathogeny and inducement of prevention caused by heart failure; 2). Improvement of the hemodynamics, reduce the load before and after the heart 3)antagonistic neuroendocrine system, regulating the compensatory mechanisms of heart failure 4)improved myocardial energy metabolism, protect myocardial cells.高血压病目前常用降血压药分几类可归纳为五类：即利尿剂、受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂（CCB）、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）和血管紧张素受体阻滞剂（ARB）。Common antihypertensiive drug can be classified into five categories: namely, diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB).冠心病二级预防包括哪些？已有冠心病和MI病史者还应预防再次梗死和其他心血管事件称之为二级预防，包括以下五方面：1抗血小板聚集；抗心绞痛治疗，硝酸酯类制剂2预防心律失常，减轻心脏负荷等；控制好血压3控制血脂水平；戒烟4控制饮食；治疗糖尿病5普及有关冠心病的教育，包括患者及其家属；鼓励有计划的、适当的运动锻炼The coronary heart disease and a history of MI should also prevent reinfarction and other cardiovascular event called the two grade prevention, including the following five aspects:A, anti platelet aggregation; antianginal therapy, ACEIB, Beta-receptor blockers- decrease the heart load; blood pressure controlC, control blood lipids; stop smokingD, the control diet and therapy of diabetesE, popularization of education about coronary heart disease, to encourage appropriate exercise plan心力衰竭的常见诱因1.感染呼吸道感染时最常见，最重要的诱因。2心律失常3血容量增加4过度体力劳累或情绪激动5治疗不当 6原有心脏病变加重或并发其他疾病Common predisposing factors of heart failure1 infection：respiratory infection is the most important incentive. 2 arrhythmia 3 blood volume increase 4 excessive physical exertion or emotion 5 improper treatment.6 the aggravation of the original heart disease or other concurrent diseasesCardiomyopathies：are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not invariably) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation and are due to a variety of causes that frequently are genetic. Cardiomyopathies either are confined to the heart or are part of generalized systemic disorders, often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failurerelated收缩性高血压（Isolated systolic hypertension） Many elderly patients and some younger ones present with considerable elevation of the systolic pressure having a relatively normal diastolic pressure. A typical pressure might be140mmHg systolic and 90mmHg diastolic in such an individual.Sick sinus syndrome, also called sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the hearts primary pacemaker. Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which slow arrhythmias and fast arrhythmias alternate. Preexcitation syndrome WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome (WPW) is a disorder of the heart in which the ventricles of the heart contract prematurely due to an accessory pathway which is mainly the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway is an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles. Primary hypertension is the form of hypertension that by definition, has no identifiable cause. Systolic pressure is equal or greater than (140mmHg) and Diastolic pressure90 mmHg. coronary heart disease refers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue resulting in necrosis or inadequate oxygen and blood of the cardiac muscle. It is often caused by stenosis of the coronary artery resulted from coronary atherosclerosis and/or coronary vasospasm. Stable angina pectoris this refers to the more common understanding of temporary chest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated by some activity