武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料201865更新.pdf

1 武汉大学武汉大学博士英语博士英语期末考试资料整理期末考试资料整理 2018 6 5 更新更新 1 段落分析段落分析 Developing Paragraph Body 正文 正文 主体 主体 1 Unity 一致性一致性 topic sentence 切题 与开篇提出的论点相关 2 Development 发展性发展性 supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects 论据是否充分 Common Methods of Development exemplification 例证 1 facts 事实 2 citation 引证 3 comparison and contrast 比较与对比 4 analysis 分析 5 classification 分类 3 Coherence 连贯性连贯性 主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯 条 理清楚 层次分明 衔接自然 General rule by classification 总原则 from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻 反之亦然 由轻到重 hierarchical structure build up expansion 1 by transitions signposts 过渡词 路标词 2 by repetition of key words 3 by synonyms or variations of key words 4 by reference words e g this these that those one ones 5 from material to spiritual aspects 从物质到精神 6 from physical to psychological aspects 从身体到心理 7 from individual to social aspects 从个体到社会 8 from oneself to others 从自身到他人 9 from direct to indirect aspects 从直接到间接 10 from physical environment to economic social and cultural structure 从地理环境到社会 经济和文化结构 Concept defining 1 Content 内容 内容 from paragraph level 段落段落 Topic 话题 笼统 Perspective 角度 抽象 Aspect 方面 具体 1 Topic 话题 what to write general 笼统 topic sentence 2 Perspective point of view viewpoint 角度 视点 展开素材 3 Aspect part side 方面 层面 体现素材 supporting sentences 2 from material to spiritual aspects 从物质到精神 from physical to psychological aspects 从身体到心理 from general to specific 从笼统到具体 from idea mentality to behavior 从思想到行为 from people to organization government from technological to social aspects from technology to society from science to society from individual to social aspects 从个体到社会 from oneself to others 从自身到他人 from direct to indirect aspects 从直接到间接 from physical environment to economic social and cultural structure 从地理环境到社会 经 济和文化结构 2 Form Function 形式 形式 from passage level 篇章篇章 Structure the organization of the whole article Introduction what Body why Conclusion how 3 Paragraph development 段落的展开段落的展开 How to arrange the material to develop illustrate elaborate support the topic sentence 1 Skill knowledge By example Method s By classification 内容上 and parallelism 句子结构上 Question Logic Relationship what how how 第一课的第第一课的第十二十二段 段 The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts the interfaces middleware and pipes that make up the three story building on which we stand Once they are integrated they present a much greater power the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e mail message or to have five hundred TV channels Topic The influence of Information Marketplace Perspective power Aspect From material life and work to spiritual pleasure aspects Skill s By example Method s Hierarchical structure 从内容上 theory of Maslow Question Logic Relationship What and How 5 第八课的第一段 第八课的第一段 Countless cultures around the world have disappeared along with their mythologies In Mesoamerica dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru Celtic cairns in Wales Khmer statues in Cambodia and magnificent ziggurat like structures in central Africa Topic Disappearance of culture Perspective world Aspect From material aspects Skill s By example Method s In spatial order in space order Question Logic Relationship What and How 第八课的第第八课的第二二段 段 Easter Island celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1 600 years ago the island s first settlers explorers from Polynesia found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests dozens of wild bird species and no predators They multiplied and prospered distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system Rival clans erected ever larger statues on platforms emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth Topic The once flouring civilization of Easter Island Perspective Easter Island settlers explorers clans Aspect From nature to society from environment to society from nature to economic and political system Skill s By statement By example Method s By chronological order by time order by classification Question Logic Relationship what how how 6 第八课的第四段 第八课的第四段 It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately An islander might easily have missed the long term trend thinking This year we cleared those woods over there but trees are starting to grow back again over here Furthermore any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class Chiefs priests and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges Topic The detection of change Perspective Easter Islanders Aspect From people idea to government behavior Skill s By quotation by statement Method s By classification by parallelism Question Logic Relationship what why why 第八课的第六段 第八课的第六段 Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests fossil fuels arable land and fisheries In only 40 years Ethiopia s forest cover shrank from 30 to 1 During the same time period the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests Powerful decision making groups ignore those who sound an alarm their political economic and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources Topic The prevention of decimation Perspective Forest and humanity Aspect From idea to behavior or verse vice from material to spiritual aspects Skill s By statistics by statement Method s Cause and effect Question Logic Relationship what how why 第八课的第八段 第八课的第八段 If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future The old myths have collapsed but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum For transformation to occur human beings must actively shape the future an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking If 7 we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls The Global Brain then this is an individual as well a collective venture Topic The change of the myths myth changing Perspective Myths and human beings Aspect Mythmaking Skill s By statement by statement Method s Problem and solution order pattern Question Logic Relationship What why how 第八课的第十二段 第八课的第十二段 But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views it cast a malignant shadow The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress but it left overcrowded highways air pollution and deforestation in its wake Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals The discovery of powerful insecticides first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish birds and animals Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems life threatening contamination and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once pristine lands Although Western housing clothing and religion were brought to aboriginal people and the rate of infectious disease went down the rate of alcoholism drug addiction suicide and spouse and child abuse went up Topic The shadow of progress myth Perspective Technological living and waste products Aspect Science and society technology and society Skill s By example By example Method s By classification macro hierarchical structure from least to most micro antithesis from positive to negative Question Logic Relationship what how how 8 第八课的第二十五段 第八课的第二十五段 The third principle is to identify real life situations in which antagonists can find common ground With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange postmodernists urge that groups press beyond dialogue For example athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings Topic The third principle of real life identification Perspective Situations Aspect Skill s By example by example Method s By antithesis homogeneity 同质 and heterogeneity 异质 Question Logic Relationship what How how 2 文章结构分析文章结构分析 第八课第八课 1 4 段段 Countless cultures around the world have disappeared along with their mythologies In Mesoamerica dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru Celtic cairns in Wales Khmer statues in Cambodia and magnificent ziggurat like structures in central Africa Easter Island celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1 600 years ago the island s first settlers explorers from Polynesia found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests dozens of wild bird species and no predators They multiplied and prospered distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system Rival clans erected ever larger statues on platforms emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth Eventually as the island s population grew to 20 000 people the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated Trees were transformed into fuel canoes and houses as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads In time the absence of wood for sea going canoes reduced the fish catches while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations When the island could no longer feed its human population the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors In the 9 ensuing disorder clan fought clan fought clan toppling and desecrating each other s statues When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday 1772 the once fertile island was barren and desolate Its remaining inhabitants only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier were heirs to a once greater society that had degenerated into violence starvation and cannibalism It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately An islander might easily h