社会工作概论(第十版影印版)期末复习整理.doc

Mental Health Services 精神健康服务（一）开端Beginnings in Mental Health1、Early attempts at care were crude and inhumane. 1、早期照料精神病患者的尝试是粗暴而没有人性的。2、Dorothea Lynde Dix:Study，diagnosis , and more humane treatment approaches to be substituted for procedures based on superstition and ignorance of the needs of the mentally ill2、多罗西亚，林德，迪克斯：研究、诊断和具有人性的治疗方法开始取代由于迷信和对精神病患者需求的无知而使用的方法。3、In the USA ,the first social workers in the mental health worked in hospitals .3、在美国，医院是第一批精神健康领域社会工作者的工作场所。4、World War 2 dramatically brought to the nations attention the need for some programe of treatment for veterans who were disabled because of mental illness.4、二战引起了全国对制定老兵治疗方案的极大关注。5、Today mental illness and emotional disturbances are recognized as major health problems .5、如今精神疾病和感情紊乱被视为主要的健康问题。(二)精神健康网络要素Elements of the Mental Health Network1、Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC)社区精神健康服务中心In the late fifties and early sixties community mental health centers were being planned.建于20世纪50年代末60年代初n Elements of the Mental Health Network See Page 152 Figure 9.1（三）综合性精神健康服务的基本要素Essential Elements of Comprehensive Mental HealthP153 A public system is .The treatment services . Case management services Therapeutic day Outpatient treatment Hospitalization Family support A complete support systemMental HospitalsIn addition to the patient-centered tasks ,the mental hospital can protect society from the effects of suicidal or homicidal behavior.n这些精神病医院在社会预防自杀行为和嗜杀成性行为方面发挥着作用。Social work in the mental hospitalP157 The social worker is concerned with all aspects of the patients relationships within the hospital, as well as to his or her family and community.n 社会工作者不仅关注病人与医院的各方面关系，同样关注病人与家庭和社区的关系。It is also the social worker who assists the patient in using the family and community resources for protection and restoration to normal activities.Aftercare facilitiesThe mental health network provides aftercare services to assist in the resocialization of patients . Many of these facilities are operated as part of the hospital , community mental health center , or free-standing outpatient clinic.n 精神健康服务网络提供了出院后的调试服务以帮助病人重新回归社会，这些服务场所通常是作为医院或社区精神健康服务中心的一部分，或者以独立门诊诊所的形式存在。Therapeutic clubsTherapeutic clubs are one of the newer developments in aiding those who have been mentally ill.n 治疗性俱乐部是一种新发展起来的，旨在为精神病患者提供帮助的组织。Fountain house 泉屋 “Reach out “外展Outpatient Psychiatric clinics精神病门诊诊所n Outpatient clinics in many places have become a part of the communitys comprehensive mental health program for children and adults.n 精神病门诊诊所已经成为儿童和老人社区综合精神健康服务的一部分。Residential Treatment Centers forChildren (RTC)n 儿童入住治疗中心（RTC）n The RTC grew out of the child guidance movement ,initiated in the early 1900s.The guidance clinics recognized that children needed to have special help with emotional problems and that early intervention could prevent more serious problems.n 儿童入住治疗中心起源于20世纪初期的儿童指导运动。指导诊所发现有情感问题的儿童需要特殊的帮助，而且早期干预可以防止更为严重的问题。Jails and PrisonsTwo areas in desperate need of expanded mental health services are jails and prisons.看守所和监狱是亟须拓宽精神健康服务的两个场所。Work as therapyIntegration of resources valuesSummaryEffort addressing the problems of the mentally ill clearly recognize the complexity and seriousness of the problem.在关注精神疾病问题所做的努力中，人们清醒地意识到问题的复杂性和严重性。从医院送返社区，医院服务进行了很大的变革。Aftercare facilities help to cushion the need for help when the patient is released from the hospital.Voluntary efforts such as Fountain House that engage patients in meaningful and productive work and productive cork and other activities prove helpful in rehabilitation.病人出院后的调适服务机构为其提供了所需的帮助。事实证明，使病人从事有意义和有生产力的工作，有助于病人的康复。Problems of the mentally ill homeless are receiving greater understanding and help from state legislators and others in addressing this growing problem and blight.无家可归的精神疾病患者的问题正得到人们更多的理解。More study, research, and a national commitment are required to solve the problems of he chronically ill, the growing incidence of teen suicide, and the mental health needs of the elderly.解决慢性精神疾病，不断上升的青少年自杀率和老年人精神健康需求需要进一步的调查研究全国上下的努力。Becoming more prominent is the emphasis on values and the role and place of religion and spiritual components to the understanding and treatment of the mentally ill.在对精神疾病要特别强调价值观以及宗教、精神等作用。PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION 预防胜于治疗，病向浅中医MEDICAL INSURANCE and EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES for PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTSThe Government needs to increase resource for mental health service，provide more training to primary ，care doctors ， more psychiatrists ，more psychologists and social worker enhance the support to communities ，have a definite MENTAL HEALTH POLICY and review it constantly从医疗融资和精神健康服务来看：政府需要增加精神健康资源 政府需要增加对基层医生的训练 政府需要增加精神专科医生的培训，以及心理学家和社工与社区支援的服务 政府需要明确制定并检讨精神健康政策Social Work in Health Care 医务社会工作Basic ContentMedicine and social work joined hands in 1905 with the establishment of medical social work at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston under the enthusiastic, able encouragement of Dr.Richard Cabot.医学和社会工作的结合始于1905年，在理查德卡伯特博士热情和具有号召力的鼓励下，位于波士顿的麻省总医院成立了医疗社会工作部。Definition of social work in health careSocial work in health care settings is practiced in collaboration with medicine and also with public health programs.医务社会工作是在医疗和公共卫生项目下展开的。It is the application of social work knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to health cares. Social work addresses itself to illness brought about by or related to social and environmental stresses that result in failures in social functioning and social relationships.它主要是将社会工作的知识，技巧，态度和价值观应用于卫生保健领域，社会工作主要针对由于社会和环境压力所致的疾病。社会和环境压力可以导致社会功能失调及社会关系破裂。Social work relates itself to the goals set by official health agencies, voluntary health agencies, rehabilitation centers, and medical care divisions of public welfare agencies.社会工作服务于政府卫生机构，志愿卫生机构，康复中心，公共福利机构的医疗服务部门设立的目标。One of the most important developments for social workers in health care was the Health Maintenance Organization(HMO) Act of 1973.This act opened the door for an entirely new medical care delivery system.对于医务社会工作，最重要的进展是1973年颁布的健康维护组织法案，这一法案为全新的医疗保健传输体系敞开了大门。Social work in the health services accepts the World Health Organizations(WHO) definition of health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”卫生保健中的社会工作采纳世界卫生组织关于健康的定义：健康是躯体，精神和社会的一种完美疾病，而不仅是没有疾病和身体不虚弱。The meaning of illness Illness encompasses medical, social, economic, and even spiritual components.“患病”有多重含义，包括医学上、社会生活上、经济上甚至精神上的含义。Illness affects people in many ways, directly and indirectly, and is of particular to individuals, families, and communities. The social worker plays a majoy role in interpreting illness to people and in helping them to muster their personal and social resources toward physical and mental wellbeing.患病以多种方式，直接地或间接地影响人，给个人、家庭、社区带来特定的后果。社会工作者在向病人解释所患疾病并帮助他们动员个人和社会资源以获得身心健康上起着重要作用。Websters International Dictionary defines illness as a state of being ill or sick, bodily indisposition, disease.韦氏新国际词典将患病定义为一种有病的状态，躯体不适或疾病。The role of social work in health careSocial workers in the health care field work in hospitals, with families, and in public health.在卫生保健领域中社会工作者服务于医院家庭和公共卫生机构。SOCIAL WORK IN HOSPITALS1.Assess the psychological patients and environmental strengths and weaknesses.评估病人心理和环境中的有利因素和不利因素。2.Collaborate with the team in the delivery of services to assure the maximum utilization of the skill and knowledge of each team member。在服务传输过程中与团队成员配合，最大限度地利用每个团队成员的技能和知识。3.Assist the family to cooperate with treatment and to support the patients utilization of medical services.l 帮助家庭配合治疗，鼓励病人利用医疗服务。4.Identify with a cadre of other professionals to improve the services of hospital by an interdisciplinary sharing of knowledge.l 与其他专业人士一起，利用多学科的知识提高医院的服务质量。5.Serve as a broker of community services,thus providing linkage of patient need with appropriate resources.充当社区服务的桥梁，在病人需求与合适的资源间牵线搭桥6.Participate in the policy-making proces.参与政策制定7.Engage in research to assure a broadening of the knowledge base for successful practice.从事研究活动，为在工作中获得成功而拓展知识基础。Social work and illness within the familyAlthough it is true that illness can foster family disorganization, it can also result in a constructive use of the family to achieve family unity and goals. Social agencies are available for help. A social worker can help a family mobilize available resources.诚然，生病能让家庭解体，它也可以导致建设性地利用家庭，实现家庭团聚和社会目标机构提供帮助。 一名社会工作者可以帮助一个家庭调动现有资源。Social work in public healthA community is a society of individuals that plans for the welfare of its members for mutual advantage.社区是一个由个人组成的团体，为其成员谋取互利性的福利。Public health services have been developed in most communities。Global health care problemsv v Health care problems are not just confined to counties and states in America.Many of todays health care problems have crossed national borders and have become global concerns.卫生保健问题并不仅仅局限于美国的某些县和某些州，当今的许多卫生保健问题已超越了国界，成为全球性问题 。The future of social work in thehealth care servicesv v An important part of health care that will continue to grow in the future is home health care where the services of physicians, nurses, social workers, physical therapists, and other health care professionals are provided in the patients home.未来卫生保健领域持续发展的一个重要部分是家庭保健，即由医生、护士、物理治疗师及其他卫生保健专业人员在家中为病人提供服务。It is reasonable to predict that social work will continue to have a function in the health services in the decades ahead. Care for the individual already is a widely recognized and accepted function of social work in acute care facilities. Numerous examples have been reported of social works effectiveness in one-to-one arrangements in general hospitals, medical schools, clinics, and in mental health.Prevention and social workv Social work has a resource and service focus and takes the position that no one can be healthy in a sick society.社会工作以资源和服务为重点，持有“在病态的社会中没有人可以获得健康”的观点。Summaryv v Medical social work is social work in responsible collaboration with medicine.医疗社会工作是协助医疗工作的社会工作。v The ill person,to the social worker,is one who is not performing adequately in the various social roles appropriate for him or her.对于社会工作者来说，患病是指病人不能履行自身相应的各种社会角色的功能。The familys activities often are centered around the sick person,who is in a position to control the activities of the household.家庭的活动常常会以患病的人为中心，患病的人控制了家庭的活动。Medical and health agencies within the community are established to assist the family in the performance of its role.社区医疗保健机构的建立是为了帮助家庭正常运转。Social Work in the Schools 学校社会工作All, regardless of race or class or economic status, are entitled to a fair chance and to the tools for developing their individual powers of mind and spirit to the utmost. 所有人，不论种族、阶级或经济状况如何，都应享有公平的机会，并应有途径能最大限度地发挥自己的心智能力。This promise means that all children by vertue of their own efforts, competently guided, can hope to attain the mature and informed judgment needed to secure gainful employment, and to manage their own lives, thereby serving not only their own interests, but also the progress of society itself. 这一承诺意味着所有孩子通过自身的努力，通过得力的指导，都有希望得到为保障其赚钱谋生和把握自己的生活所需的成熟、有知识的判断力，因而，不仅能为自己谋取利益，而且还能促进社会本身的进步。The American public school system always has been looked upon as something everyone owned.美国的公立学校总被看成是人人有份的东西。After more than decade of reform, our nations school are still at risk, and some are deteriorating further.l 经过十几年的改革，美国的学校仍然危机四伏。l Experiments on a wide scale are being tried. Social work has often been an important part of these experiments.l 大型试验方案被付诸行动，社会工作常常是这些实验方案的重要组成部分。The Education Delivery System:New Approaches 教育传输系统的新途径The National Center for Family Literacy Sharon Darling 国家家庭扫盲中心(沙伦.达林)Seek to end the intergenerational cycle of poverty and undereducation resulting ineconomic failure, hopelessness, and despair by fostering education where disadvantaged parents and children attend school together as partners in learning, partners in success.l 寻求的是结束贫困和教育低下的代际循环，因为它导致了生活上的难以为继和毫无希望扫盲中心要做的是创造受教育的条件，让深处不利境地的父母和孩子能一起上学，共同学习，共享成功。u Funded largely by private industry.这一方案主要是得到了私营企业的资助。l Parental involvement is crucial to student success.父母参与学习对学生获得成功至关重要。Working within the public school system, the Alternative High School program has shown some promise. u 在公立学校系统的工作方面备选高中学习方案表现得有些前景。Designed to reach dropouts and potential dropouts, has been a solution for many.为辍学者和潜在的辍学者准备的，对许多人来说是个解决问题的办法Specific rules are made by each school district.u 每个街区的学校都有自己的专门规章。u One program gaining momentun is the Freedom to Choose plan, which allows parents to select their childrens schools.u 另一个有发展势头的方案是自由择校计划。困扰公立学校的问题Problems Plaguing the Public Schools纪律问题 Discipline 暴力问题 Violence 校园枪击事件 School Shootings 毒品问题 Drugs 团伙问题 Gangs 欺骗问题 Cheating 各种骚扰问题 Harassment教授价值观问题 Teaching Values 暴力行为危险性评估问题 Assessing the Risk of Violent BehaviorBeginnings in School Social Work学校社会工作的起源l Social work services have been a part of the public schools since 1906.l 学校社会工作自1906年开始就一直是公立学校的一部分。Through the years the place of the social worker in the schools has been one of child advocacy based on individual considerations. It has moved away from a “child problem” approach to one that recognizes that children learn in a milieu that supports learning.l 多年以来，学校社会工作者的定位一直是立足个人，倡导维护孩子的权益。它已经从关注“孩子的问题”转向认识到孩子在一个具有支持性的学习环境才能学习。学校社会工作实务Social Work Practice in the Schoolsl The Inproving Americas Schools Act of 1994 signed into law by President Clinton ensures agreater role for school social workers in improving educational opportunities for students.l 克林顿总统签署生效的1994年的改善美国学校法案在改善学生的教育机会方面赋予了社会工作者更重要的角色。It also provides for social workers to receive inter disciplinary training with others on the professional helping team.l 规定社会工作者和其他专业助人团队的人要接受跨学科的培训。l Social workers help by working with the individual student, in group activities, and, in a larger sense, by working with the community to make it possible for learning to occur.l 社会工作者通过做个别学生的工作，同福利群体活动，在更广的意义上，通过社区工作帮助学生投入到学习中。个人工作Work with Individualsl In endeavoring to modify behavior in a childcooperation and understanding of teachers and parents are very important.l 要修正一个孩子的行为，不管是强化、削弱还是让其消失，教师和家长的合作与理解都非常重要。Through the help of the childs associates, positive reinforcement can be given during the treatment process and after the modification has taken place.l 要通过孩子周围人的帮助，孩子在处理过程中和修正了行为后，都可以得到正向的强化。小组工作方法的运用Social Work Using a Group Approachl At a time when resources are at a minimum, social workers in some districts have mobilized an untapped resource in the schoolspeer helpers .l 当资源极其有限时，一些社会工作者动员起学校中未被调动起来的一个资源同伴来做助人者。Peer groups have proved particularly effective in preventing drug abuse among high risk students.l 同伴小组表明在防止边缘学生吸毒上特别有效。l Results of this activity were rated very good as a preventive measure, and it had some value when uesd with students who had previously acquired drug or alcohol problems.l 作为一项预防措施，这一活动评估结果非常好，对以前有吸毒或饮酒问题的学生也有借鉴意义。学校系统的工作Practice Related to the School Systeml Problems may arise because of certain dysfunctional influences within the school system itself.l 学生问题可能是受学校系统本身某种功能失调的影响。社区工作方法的运用School Social Work and the CommunityWhat were some of the gains of this communitycentered effort?这种以社区为本的工作有什么益处呢少数民族的学校社会工作Working With Minoritiesl It has the expertise to help people adapt to their environment and to develop their potential.l 社会工作的专业特长可以帮助人们适应环境，发展自己的潜能，尤其适合帮助人们应付生活改变。教育体系问题When the System Failsl The broker-mobilizer-coordinator role of social work.l Social workers lies in the disturbing anonymity in the account, suggesting the need for a study of the system itself and, possibly, for the initiation of change.l 社会工作者需要担当牵线搭桥人，社会动员人和协调员等多重角色。需要研究学校和社会系统本身，发起改变。Summaryl School social work is embedded deeply in the roots of societys mandate to the schools to educate and train “all the children of all the people” to the maximum of their potentials and capacities.l 学校社会工作深深植根于学校受社会的委托，教育和培养“所有人的所有孩子”，让他们最大限度地发挥潜能。It is a corollary to compulsory school attendance, since not all children, unaided, are able to make profitable use of their formal learning experiences.l 入学就读有时是自然而然的，有时是强制性的，因为如果没有人协助的话，不是所有孩子都能从正规教育中受益。Specialists have been attached to the school for the purpose of helping the child achieve his or her potential in the academic setting. These specialists include social workers who relate themselves to the role performance of the child and his or her social and intellectual opportunitiesl 专家们依托学校，帮助孩子在学校场所实现自己的潜能。这些专家包括了社会工作者，他所做的是帮助孩子当好学生，获得才智上和社会生活中的机会。Social workers focus on social functioning and on the needs of the child to make the best possible use of the learning experience. They are concerned with the fact that forces within and outside the child, and often outside the school itself, many block the pupils use of the school experience.l 社会工作者的重点是孩子的社会功能，是让他尽可能用好学习机会，他们关心的是孩子自身和外部的一些力量，常常是学校之外的力量，可能妨碍了孩子上学读书。They intervene to remove barriers to learning. In so doing, they may work with individuals, groups, the school itself and ally themselves with the community in support of the schools purpose and objectives.l 他们进行干预，排除学习障碍。在做这些事的时候，他们可能要同个人、群体和学校本身打交道，同社区联合起来，支持学校实现其目标。Social workers work with teachers, principals, pupils, or parents. Frequently they work with the teacher and the principal striving for greater understanding of the difficulty that confronts the pupil. One-to-one arrangements with students may be a treatment mode used by the workers or provided in their role of broker.学校社会工作者同教师、校长、学生及其父母一道工作。更多时候他们和教师、校长一起致力于更好地了解学生所遇到的困难。工作者可能会使用一对一的方式帮助学生，或在充当牵线搭桥人时用一对一的方法。They may relate to families in helping them to accept the purpose of school, the needs of the pupil, and in bringing the two together.l Parents frequently fu