SAT高分文法考法精析-pronoun clarity-指代清晰-齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁.docx

SAT高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁u Pronoun Clarity 指代清晰在英文中，一个代词需要有其明确的指代对象。如果上下文不能提供充足的证据表明一个代词的指代对象，则犯了指代不明的的错误。我们应该语法点1. 代词概述代词是用来代替名词或其名词作用的词、短语和句子的词。代词可以分为8类。第一，人称代词1）主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they2）宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them第二，物主代词1）形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their2）名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs第三，反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself第四，相互代词each other, one another第五，指示代词this, that, these, those, it, such, so, same第六，疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what第七，关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as第八，不定代词some, something, somebody, someone, any, anything, anybody, anyone, no, nothing, nobody, no one, every, everything, everybody, everyone, each, much, many, little, a little, few,. a few, other, another,. all, none, one, both, either, neitherSAT考试中指代清晰部分，人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词是重点考察对象。语法点2. 反身代词使用规则反身代词有人称及数的区分。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves反身代词强调动作发出者本身，所以它的一个重要的特点是可以做主语的同位语。l I fixed the window myself.myself指代I。l He has turned against his wife. He himself doesnt know why.himself指代he。反身代词亦可作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。l Please help yourself to some tea.yourself做help的宾语。l You can go and see for yourself.yourself做介词for的宾语。语法点3. 指示代词的用法1) this、these、that、those的用法this、these、that、those均可以指代人，也可以指代事物。其中，this和that指代单数的人或事物；these和those指代复数的人或事物。l This is my teacher.此时，This的词性是代词。l These are apples.此时，These的词性是代词。需要注意的是，this、these、that、those也有形容词词性，其后可接名词。l This man is my teacher.此时，This的词性是形容词。l These fruits are apples.此时，These的词性是形容词2) such的用法such的词性可以是指示代词，也可以是形容词。l Such is life. 这就是生活。此时，such的词性是代词。l Such books are for the kids. 这种是给小孩看的。此时，such的词性是形容词。从数的角度讲，such可以是单数，也可以是复数，such的数取决于其指代的名词。l Such is his nature. 这就是他的本性。such的数与his nature一致。l Such are our people. 这些就是我们的人民。such的书与people保持一致。另外需要注意such的位置。such修饰单数名词时，放于不定冠词a或an之前，但若名词前有one、no、any、some、all、many等修饰时，such放在这些修饰词之后。l He is such a man. 他就是这么一个人。l One such table is enough. 这样的桌子，有一张就够了。l There is no such thing. 没有这么一回事。3) so的用法so可以做宾语或表语，指代前文的相同成分。l I promised to play the guitar for you on the beach, and I will do so right now. 我答应过要在沙滩上为你弹奏吉他，我现在就要开始了。do so表示动作，指代前句谓语play the guitar考法1. 人称代词指代不明错误1) 错误特征当句中出现了多个人物，单数的人称代词必须能表示出其明确的指代对象。否则出现人称代词指代不明的错误。l Jon Hamm and Chris Pine recently joined the cast of “Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp.” He is excited about the prequels Netflix release.句子中出现Jon Hamm和Chris Pine两个男性人物，代词He指代不明。l Paula and Mildred laughed it off when they both showed up at the office Halloween party as the character Danaerys Targaryen from Game of Thrones. However, she told her family later that her costume had been more accurate.句子中出现Paula和Mildred两个女性人物，代词she指代不明。they这个代词既可以指代人物也可以指代事物，所以在句子中出现时，需要保证其指代是明确的。l Edgar and Rachel enjoyed watching the teams play rugby, but they werent happy about the rain.句子中出现Edgar and Rachel两个人物，同时出现了teams这个复数名词，所以they既可以指代前者，也可以指代后者，代词they指代不明。2) 修改方法以下列举几种比较常见的修改错误的方法。需要说明的是，以下几种方法是比较常见的修改方法，但并不局限于此，指代不明的代词只要能明确指代对象，都是正确的修改方法。修改方法一：人称代词指代不明时，可以将人称代词改为句子中出现的具体人名或身份。具体的人名可以没有出现在句子中。l Cameron and his half brother looked very different; he had much higher cheekbones.代词he指代不明，可以改为句子中出现的具体人名，例如改为Cameron。l Of the two brothers, he is more conservative.代词he指代不明，可以改为句子中出现的具体人名，例如改为Fred。注意，Fred并没有出现在句子中。l Jacqueline and her mother were unsure whether she would be able to attend the musical concert.代词she指代不明，可以改为句中出现的人物的省份，例如改为her daughter。修改方法二：如果句子中的人物先后出现，可以用人物出现先后顺序对人称代词指代对象进行区分。常见的表述有，former表示“前者”，later表示“后者”，first表示“第一个”，last表示“最后一个”等。也可以改为表示“所有”或“两者都”的表达。l King Louis XIII of France purchased lands for the famous Gardens of Versailles in 1632, and Louis XIV oversaw four major building campaigns for the gardens from approximately 1661 to 1709. His efforts are the major reason Versailles exists as the national treasure it is today.代词His指代不明，可以改为The later kings，表示前文提到的两个国王中的后者。l After they had studied music together for over 5 years, Valley told Henry that he was the better pianist.代词he指代不明，可以改为The later，表示前文提到的两个人物的后者。l Mark and Frank wanted to try circumnavigating the globe, but their sailing instructor said that he was not ready.代词he指代不明，可以改为The former，表示前文提到的两个人物的前者。l Taylor served lattes to a group of three women who were named Marci, Zina, and Kristin; he had to admit, he was a little frightened by her.代词her指代不明，可以改为the last，表示前文提到的人物中的最后一个。l Wetland areas are diverse ecosystems that are sometimes drained for real estate development or flooded for use as recreational lakes, which is distressing because it prevents wetlands from performing their critical, natural tasks of flood control and the filtering of water pollution.代词it不明，可以改为both actions prevent，表示两个动作。修改方法三：当句子中出现的人物有明确的男性女性区分时，可以用表示男性或女性的代词进行准确的指代。l Edgar and Rachel enjoyed watching the teams play rugby, but they werent happy about the rain.句子中出现两组复数名词，分别是Edgar and Rachel和teams，代词they指代不明，可以改为she，指代Rachel（女名）。修改方法四：由于反身代词可以做主语的同位语，所以需要代词指代主语时，为了避免指代不明的错误，可以用反身代词明确指代对象。l While working on endorphin research in the 1970s, Hans Kosterlitz told his research partner, John Hughes, that he needed to perform an important experiment involving electrified tissue.代词he指代不明，可以改为he himself，明确指代句子的主语Hans Kosterlits。考法2. 指示代词指指代不明错误1) 错误特征与人称代词指代不明相似，指示代词（尤其是单数指示代词）在一个出现了多个事物的句子中会出现指代不明的现象。l Gargoyles on buildings are not just decorative but are actually architectural components that feature an elongated shape and an open mouth. This helps gargoyles serve their actual purposeconveying water away from the sides of buildings.This可以指代单数名词，但前文出现多个单数名词，所以指示代词This指代不明。2) 修改方式修改方法：指示代词such同时有形容词的词性，表示“这个；这种”，其后可以连接具体的名词，明确指代的对象。l Some people argue that horror films are a healthy psychological experience, since they provide an opportunity to experience catharsis: a release of negative emotion which is enabled by temporary investment in a believable fictional world. However, a 1990 research study suggested that it has relatively minimal effects, since exposure to violence is statistically related to increased aggression.句子中出现多个单数名词，代词it指代不明。可改为such release，特指前文提到的release，此时such为形容词词性。l Made most famous by Chopin, nocturnes are a variety of musical composition that is tranquil, expressive, and lyrical. That is my favorite part about them.That指代不明，可改为That tranquility，特指前文提到的tranquil，此时that为形容词词性。其他方法参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。l Nicolaus Copernicus, a sixteenth century mathematician and astronomer, is best known for two accomplishments: writing a version of what would later become Greshams Law and creating a model of the universe that placed the sun (not the earth) at the center. This led to the Copernican Revolution and is considered a landmark event in the history of science.This指代不明，可改为The latter。l When future degree seekers hear that flexible, online college programs are proliferating, and that they are more affordable than traditional, four-year schools, they are pleased by this.This指代不明，可改为both facts。考法3. 不定代词one指代不明错误1) 错误特征代词one可以指代人也可以指代事物（必须指代可数的名词或代词），当句子中出现多个人或事物时，必须明确one的指代对象。否则则犯了指代模糊的错误。l Harold and his brother Justin went to the gym together. Each challenged the other to bench-press his own weight; one of them succeeded.句子中出现了Harold和his brother Justin，one of them可以指代其中任何一个人，所以指代不明。2) 修改方法修改方法即明确代词的指代对象，参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。l Eleanors boyfriend said the one outshone every star in the sky.代词the one指代不明，可改为she，指代Eleanor。考法4. 不定代词other/anther指代不明错误1) 错误特征不定代词other/anther表示另一个，在指代时，必须明确与其相对的“一个”是谁或什么，other/another才能明确的指代，否则犯了指代不明的错误。l After Karen and Gemma had both submitted their entries to the Make Your Own Shake and Bake Cake competition, the judge said that the others entry was the clear winner.句子中出现两个人物Karen和Gemma，the others可以指代其中任何一个，指代不明。另外值得注意的是，other可以表示对方，所以句子中出现了相对立的双方，双方同时提及对方时，可以使用other进行指代。l When they used different analytical approaches to quantify their results and came up with different answers, the psychologist and the technician both thought the others approach was flawed.句子中虽然出现两个人物Psychologist和technician，但是句意表达“两者互相”的含义，所以the others可以指代两个人相互的对方，是正确的表达方式。2) 修改方式需要明确代词other的指代对象。参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。l When Henry VIII was 44 years old, he fell during a jousting match and was crushed by his horse. The extreme accident apparently affected the others whole personality.the others指代不明，可以改为the kings。考法5. 无所指的it、they及you滥用错误1) 错误特征在日常生活中，当我们提及一些观点时，我们经常用到模糊的代词（it、they及you）用来代表“大众”、“权威”、“对方”或“书籍”，构成“他们都说”、“你会觉得”、“它里面讲到”等这样的说法，但是在正规的写作中，这种模糊的指代是需要避免的。l The neurobiology of sleep is a growing field. They say understanding more about the science of sleep can help people sleep more soundly.我们可以理解They表示neurobiology学科内的学者，但是严格意义上讲they无所指。2) 修正方法为了避免上述的指代错误，我们需要给出明确的发表言论的主体。这个主体可以是句子中未出现的人或书籍等名词或代词。l They frequently advise college undergraduates to pursue internships because the career specific learning provided is often even more valuable than lessons learned in the classroom.代词They无所指，可以改为可以给本科生提出建议的人，例如College Counselors。注意，College Counselors句子中并没有出现。l Wed better close the windows; on the radio, they said it might storm tonight.代词they无所指，可以改为the meteorologist。注意，the meteorologist句子中并没有出现。l In the visitors guide, they say that you should sample different cheeses at Grandpas Cheese Barn.代词they无所指，可以改为the author，表示visitors guide的作者。l In the warranty slip, they say that you are eligible for a repair or replacement for up to one year.代词they无所指，划线部分可以直接改为The warranty says。其他修改方法参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。考法6. 指代N1 of N2结构不明错误1) 错误特征在N1和N2这个结构中，N1和N2是两个独立的可以被指代的名词或代词，所以其后出现代词时，既可以指代N1，也可以指代N2。不要认为，多数情况下