14第十四讲 并列句、复合句和连词.doc

敏而好学 仁而善教第十四讲 并列句、复合句和连词【考点解读】并列句和复合句以及连词是中考的重点内容， 也是中考的必考题。期中复合句考察的内容涉及状语从句， 宾语从句，定语从句中引导词的运用命题趋势：宾语从句，连词的使用， 定语从句的引导词近年河北省中考英语并列句、复合句和连词考试形式如下：知识考点要求河北省5年中考统计中考预测20082009201020112012简单句连词掌握30题1分30题1分42题1分33题1分41题1分36题1分定语从句掌握36题1分41题1分43题1分43题1分宾语从句40题1分45题1分45题1分45题1分45题1分状语从句掌握38题1分43题1分并列句掌握一连词概述连词是一种虚词，不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。【直击中考】1.Wecaneasilybecomeunhappy_weworkoutourproblemsinourdailylife.（2011山东菏泽）A.afterB.ifC.untilD.unless答案：D【解析】连词用法。句意：在日常生活中，如果我们解决不了问题，我们很容易变的不高兴。unlessifnot如果不.；after在.之后；if如果；until直到.为止。故选D。2. Mom,shallwehavesuppernow?Oh,wewonthavesupper_yourdadcomesback.（2011山东泰安）A.untilB.sinceC.whileD.after答案：A【解析】连词的用法。until用于否定句中，表示句子的动作直到until短语所表示的时间才开始发生，即表示动作的起点。While跟连续性的动词；since连接的句子主句一般用现在完成时，从句用过去时。3.Whatwasyourbrotherdoingatthistimeyesterday?Hewasreadingamagazine_Iwaswritingane-mailathome.A.assoonasB.afterC.untilD.while答案：D【解析】考查连词的用法。assoonas“一.就.”；after“在.之后”；until“直到.”；while“当.时候，和.同时”。由答语“他在读杂志而我在写电子邮件”可知，两个动作同时进行，故选D。二、并列句用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。 1. 构成：简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句 2. 常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有：and，but，or，so，for。（1）and意为“和，并且”，表示顺延、并列等关系。如：Work hard and you can pass the exam. = If you work hard, you can pass the exam. but意为“但是”表示转折关系。如：He is rich but he is not happy. （3）or意为“否则，或者，或“表示选择关系。如：Hurry up, or youll be late. =If you dont hurry up, youll be late. （4）so意为“所以，因此，于是”表示因果关系。如：Kate was ill so she didnt go to school. （5）for意为“因为”，表示因果关系。如：I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do. 3. 当连词and连接的并列句前半部分是祈使句，后半部分是将来时的陈述句时，其含义相当于由if引导的条件状语从句。这种句型还可以用or来连接，但意思不同。如：Think it over, and youll find the answer. =If you think it over, youll find the answer. 4. 其他的并列句其他的并列连词有then，while，when，yet，not only.but also., neither.nor., either.or., both.and., as well as。如：I like English while my brother likes Chinese. 【直击中考】1.Youdbettertakethemapwithyou_youwontgetlost.A. aslongasB.assoonasC.nowthatD.sothat答案：D【解析】选D。考查连词词组。Aslongas和.一样长；assoonas一.就；sothat以致于；以便于。结合句意：你最好随身带着地图，以便与别迷路2.Taketheexamcarefully,_youwontgetfullmarks.（2011上海）A.butB.andC.orD.so答案：C【解析】考查点：考查并列连词的用法。解题思路：该句意为“(要)认真考试，否则你得不到满分。”or此处意为“否则，要不然”，表示在以祈使句为条件下的相反假设关系；常用于句式“祈使句，+or+陈述句”中三、状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，状语从句由从属连词引导，与主句连接，位于句首时，常用逗号与主句分开，位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。状语从句根据其用途可分为时间状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句等。从句的分类从句的引导词例句时间状语从句when/ while/ as, before, after, since, until, as soon as I was doing my homework when my mother came in. He did not go to bed until his father came back. 条件状语从句if, as long as, unless Unliss weather stops me, I go for a week everyday. 原因状语从句because, since, as, for I like to eat apples because its good for my health. Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting. 目的状语从句so that, in order that He gets up early every morning so that he can catch the bus. 结果状语从句so that, sothat/ suchthat Its so hot that nobody wants to go out. 让步状语从句though/ although, even if, whatever, where ever, whenever Wherever you go, I will go with you. Whenever you come, I will wait for you. 比较状语从句than, asas, not as/ soas He is as tall as Tom. 地点状语从句where, wherever Sit wherever you like. 1.时间状语从句（1）当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句，表示将来的意义时，从句用一般现在时，简称“主将从现”。如：Ill ring you up as soon as I arrive to Beijing. （2）when引导的时间状语从句，表示主句和从句的动作同时发生；before表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前；after则表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后；as引导时间状语从句时，强调并行发生，不指先后。（3）until/ till引导的时间状语从句。1）主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/ till所表示的时间为止。如：Ill wait for you until you come to see me. 2）主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词时，用否定形式表示主句的动作知道until所表示的时间才发生。构成句式notuntil，有时不用not，而用其他如never，nothing等表否定的词。如：I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. （4） since引导的时间状语从句，表示“自以来”，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。结构为：It has been since + 从句/ It is + 从句。如：I have worked in this school since I graduated from Beijing University. It is 10 years since I began to study English. （1）原因状语从句通常用because，since，as引导。这三个词所表示的语气由because到as逐渐减弱，由why提出的问题用because来回答。如：Why are you late? Because Im ill. （2）如果状语从句所表示的原因是人们已知的事实，就要用since，而不用as或because。since在这里的意思是“既然”。如：Since you cant answer the question, you can ask someone for help. 4. 目的状语从句（1）引导目的状语从句的词或词组有so that，so，in order that等，谓语中常含有may，might，can，could，will，would等情态动词。如：He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus. （2）当从句主语与主句主语一致时，可用so as to， in order to。如：He worked day and night in order that he could succeed. =He worked day and night in order to succeed. 5. 结果状语从句（1）由sothat，suchthat引导。sothat与suchthat的区别：so + 形容词或副词 + that such + a/an（+ 形容词）+ 名词单数 + that such +（形容词）+ 名词复数 +that so + 形容词 + a/an + 名词单数 + that 当名词前面有many或much修饰时，用so而不用such。如：She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much. =She is so lovely a girl that we love her very much. We have so much time that we can finish the work very well. （2）sothat句型的否定形式可用简单句tooto或notenough to代替。如：He is so young that he cant go to school. =He is too young to go to school. =He is not old enough to go to school引导词引导词的作用例句that 本身无意义，只起连接作用，口语中可省略。He said (that) Kate was good at swimming. what，which，who，whose，whom等连接代词在从句中作一定的成分，如主语、宾语、定语等。I dont know what they are going to do. He asked me whose the book is. when，where，why，how等连接副词在从句中作状语Could you tell me where you are from? Do you know how they found the place? if/whether 意为“是否”，不作句子成分，但不能省略。He asked me if Miss Gao is a teacher. 【直击中考】1. TheywilltrytheirbestintheDragonBoatRacing_theymayfail.（2011南京）A. ifB.althoughC.unlessD.until答案:B【解析】考查句子的逻辑关系和连词的用法。分析句子的逻辑关系，前后两个句子的关系，后半句是让步状语从句，if引导条件状语，although引导让步状语从句，unless从属连词，until引导条件状语从句，含有否定意义；引导时间状语从句。故选B项。2.Istillremembermyfirstteacher_we haventseeneachotherforalongtime.A.ifB.untilC.thoughD.because答案：C【解析】连词的用法。if引导条件状语从句；until引导时间状语从句；though引导让步状语从句；because引导原因状语从句。句意为“我仍然记得我的第一位老师，尽管我们好长时间没见面了。”故选C。四、宾语从句 主句与从句时态一致的问题（1）如果主句时现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：I remember he gave me a book yesterday. He has told me that hell leave for New York tomorrow. （2）如果主句时过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），那么宾语从句一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。如：He told me that he would take part in the high jump. He asked me if I had taken his soap. （3）如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。如：He told me that the earth is round. He said that Yao Ming is much taller than him. 2. 宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序要用陈述句的语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。如：Whats Kates e-mail address? Do you know? =Do you know what Kates e-mail address is? 3. 宾语从句的连接词（1）当宾语从句是陈述句时，用that引导。如：“She was a good girl,” the teacher told us. =The teacher told us (that”) she was a good girl. 注意：引导词that用于下列情况时不可省略：1）当宾语从句的主语是that时。如：He says that that is a useful book. 2)当从句前有插入语时。如：It says, on the card, that it is made in China. 3）当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时。如：Im afraid that if youve lost it, you must par for it. 4）当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时，除第一个从句中的that可以省略外，其余从句中的that都不可以省略。如：He said (that) the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much. 4. 否定转移在主从复合句中，当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think，believe，suppose等时，要将从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如：I dont think he will come with you. 5. 宾语从句的简化（1）当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，agree，choose等时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：I hope that I can receive your e-mail. =I hope to receive your e-mail. （2）当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是know，remember，forget，learn等时，从句可简化为“疑问词 + 不定式”结构。如：She doesnt know what she should do next. =She doesnt know what to do next. （3）当主句的谓语动词是ask，tell，show，teach等，且宾语从句的主语和句子的间接宾语一致时，从句可简化为“疑问词 + 不定式”结构。如：Will you please show me how I can work it out? =Will you please show me how to work it out? （4）动词seem后的宾语从句可用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型要有适当的变化。一般地，通常将宾语从句的主语作为简化的句子的主语，seem（适当时态形式）作谓语。如：It seems that football is very interesting. =Football seems (to be) very interesting. （5）宾语从句可以简化为名词或名词短语。如：I dont believe what Tom said. = I dont believe Toms words. 【直击中考】1.Mr. Green didnt tellus_in2002.(2012北京)A.wheredoesshelive B.Whereshelives C.wheredidsheliveD.whereshelived【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态，所以应选D。2.Wouldyoupleasetellme_?（2011上海）A. whendidhecomehomeB.wherehewouldplayfootballC.ifhehadseenthefilmD.whyhedidntwatchthegame【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。3.Idontknowwhen_.（2012哈尔滨）A.willthetrainleaveB.thetrainwillleaveC.wouldthetrainleaveD.thetrainleave【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。4.-We dont know_. -ItissaidthathewasborninSweden.A.whatheisB.ifheliveshereC.wherehecomesfromD.whichcountryishefrom【解析】答案:C。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知：他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对，只有C正确。五、定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that，which，who（whom，whose）和关系副词when，where，why。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起连接作用，又充当从句中的一个成分。含定语从句的复合句的基本结构为：先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句关系代词、副词作用先行词例句that，who，whom （只作宾语）主语、宾语、表语人Do you know the girl who/that has got an “A” in the exam? that，which 主语、宾语、表语物、时间、地点、原因She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her. whose 定语人物The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. The classroom whose window is open is mine. when 状语时间I still remember the day when you left for Beijing. where 状语地点This is the school where my mother works. why 状语原因Could you explain the reason why you were late? 1. 关系代词的用法一般情况下，that既可指人又可指物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语；which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语；who在从句中作主语；whom在从句中作宾语；whose在从句中作定语；where在从句中通常修饰表示地点的名词，作地点状语；when在从句中通常修饰表示时间的名词，作时间状语；why在从句中作原因状语，先行词通常是reason，有时why也可用“for + which”代替。如：（1）下列情况下，只能用that引导，不能用who或which引导：1）当先行词是all，little，much，none，everything，anything，nothing等代词时。如：Is there anything (that) you dont understand? Tom told her mother all that had happened. 2）当先行词前面有the only，the very，the last等修饰时。如：He is the only person that can help you out. （当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who，whom引导。）3）当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。如：This is the best book that I have ever read. 4）当先行词前面有only，all，any，no等修饰时。如：I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun. 5）当主句是以疑问词who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the boy that is playing football? （2）关系代词的省略。一般情况下that，which，whom可以省略，但以下情况不能省略：1）关系代词that在从句中作介词的宾语时，不能省略，而且介词不能放在that前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：The woman that she talks with is her teacher. 2）关系代词which，whom在从句中作介词宾语时，不能省略。介词可以放在which，whom之前，也可以放在从句中有关动词的后面，以使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。如：Ill never forget the day on which I joined the club. 3）that，which，who在从句中作主语时，不能省略。如：Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher? 2. 关系副词的用法（1）when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：I still remember the year when you graduated from No. 8 Middle School. （2）why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词只有表示原因的reason一词。如：We dont know the reason why he was late for school. （3）where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：That is the school where I studied three years ago. 【直击中考】1. (2004年哈尔滨中考试题)-Does the teacher know everybody _ planted the trees?-Yes, he does.A. which B. whose C. where D. who【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。2. (2004年常州市中考试题)The letter _ I received from him yesterday is very important.A. who B. where C. what D. that【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。3. (2004年扬州市中考试题)-Where is the scientist _ gave us the talk yesterday?-He has gone back to Qinghua University.A. whom B. who C. whose D. which【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。4. (2004年益阳市中考试题)I hate people _ talk much but do little.A. whose B. whom C. which D. who【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。易混淆点：一、when引导的时间状语从句和宾语从句1. 含有when引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，若主句是一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时；when引导其他时态的时间状语从句时，从句时态应与主句时态保持一致。2. when引导的宾语从句，首先要保证从句的陈述语序，然后再根据主句的失态确定从句时态，使其基本与主句内容保持意义上的一致。如：I dont know when my father will come back, but Ill tell you when he comes back 二、when，while，as的区别When，while，as引导的从句都可以使用延续性动词。When，as都可以与终止性动词连用，而while不能。When可表示瞬间、时间段，与主句所叙述的动作、事情可同时发生，也可有先后。While用于同时进行的两个延续性动词相伴随而发生，常对同类的两个动作进行比较As不指先后，而指并列发生，尤指两动作或事件同时发生。如：The film had been on when we arrived. My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework. As I left the house, I forgot the key. 不能用在一个句子中的连词because, so Because he was tired, he couldnt walk there.=he was tired ,so he couldnt walk here.althoughthough和 but Though he was tired, he still worked hard.=He was tired, but he still worked hard.if的不同用法：if 有两个意思，作”是否讲”时引导宾语从句，同whether.从句的时态由事实决定：做假如，如果讲时 引导状语从句，主将从现。If it rains, we wont have a sports meeting.and 和or 用于否定句中的区别当列举的成分是主语，又在否定词 之前时，用and 连接， 当列举成分在否定词之后时，用or 构成完全否定。I cant sing or dance.Lucy and lily cant speak Chinese.在否定句中，如果连接的两部分都有否定词时 ，那么用and, 而不用or.There is no water and air on the moon.在否定句中，without 之后若有列于成分，则用and连接，构成完全否定， 在肯定句中， without 之后的列举成分用or来连接， 才能构成完全否定。【实战演练】基础训练1. Moneyisimportant_itsnotthemostimportantthing.（2009北京，22）A.andB.butC.orD.so2.BesuretoletTomknowthenoticeassoonashe_.（2009河北，35） A.willarriveB.wasarriving C.arrivesD.Arrived3. Thatstheman_housewasdestroyedinthestorm. (2009天津，44)A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which4.Would you like to go for a walk with me, Allen?（2011山东威海） Id love to, _you dont want to go alone. A. until B. before C. if D. After5. You will achieve nothing _you work hard.（2011山东青岛） A. if B. unless C. when D. That6.My father was preparing for his speech _my mother was doing some washing last night.（2011安徽） A. If B. while C. unless D. Until能力提升7.You bought the car about ten years ago? (2011湖北黄冈) Yes. _ its old, it still runs well. A. Because B. Since C. Although D. But8 The little boy was wrapping the present_ would be sent to his teacher.(2012呼和浩特) Awho B/ Cwhat Dthat 9 Tomorrow is Fathers Day.I dont know _.(2012陕西) Awhat can I do for my father Bwhat I will get for my father Cwhere I went with my father Dwhere will I go with my father 10 (2012绵