拖拉机产品研发-机械、车辆和汽车-电控CAE设计--零配件.doc

Integrated control of agricultural tractors and implements: a review of potential opportunities relating to cultivation and crop establishment machinery农业机械一体化系统的设计与实施： 商业机会与潜在市场 作物与环境的评估模型Computers and Electronics in AgricultureThe quality of work and the output of a tractor-implement combination relies heavily upon the concentration and skill of the operator. Electronic systems are used increasingly to control tractor sub-systems, i.e. engine, transmission, implement hitch, external hydraulics, and driveline, and to monitor or control certain implements. However, current systems operate autonomously, relying entirely upon the operator for coordination. An integrated hierarchical control system could potentially monitor operating parameters pertinent to both the tractor and attached implements and use this information to control relevant tractor and implement sub-systems in a coordinated manner, thereby improving machine performance. Potential opportunities for the application of real-time, integrated, hierarchical control techniques to certain cultivation and crop establishment implements currently in use on European farms are reviewed. Specific implements (and their parameters) considered include primary cultivation machinery (control of working depth and working width), secondary cultivation machinery (control of working depth and seedbed quality) and crop establishment machinery (control of seeding depth and seed rate). Outline control strategies are proposed for these applications, and sensors and other hardware required to implement the control systems are identified. It is speculated that the agronomic and economic benefits which are likely to result from the implementation of the proposed technology, will enable economic justification of the proposed control systems in two to four operating seasons. These savings are likely to result from greater operational efficiency and more precise control of agronomic inputs.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Control system integration3. Cultivation machinery 3.1. Primary cultivation machinery 3.1.1. General3.1.2. Parameters requiring control3.1.3. Control of working depth3.1.4. Control of working width3.1.5. Other control opportunities3.2. Secondary cultivation machinery 3.2.1. General3.2.2. Parameters requiring control3.2.3. Control of working depth3.2.4. Control of seedbed quality3.2.5. Other control opportunities4. Crop establishment machinery 4.1. General4.2. Parameters requiring control4.3. Control of seeding depth4.4. Control of seed rate4.5. Other control opportunities5. Summary and conclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesAutomatic end-of-line tuning for a motion inverter in agricultural tractorsControl Engineering Practice控制工程与实践学报农田拖拉机的小空间转向研究 自动化的田边临埂转向系统设计End-of-line tuning is a crucial step for any mass-produced system endowed with automatic controllers. As a matter of fact, due to components tolerances and spreads in the production line, the controller tuning performed on a prototype system is never optimal on the final product. In many industrial applications, though, the end-of-line tuning is performed by human testers, and this does not always guarantee an objective assessment of the closed-loop system quality. This paper proposes a systematic way to design an automatic tuning procedure for a motion-inverter controller in agricultural tractors, which allows to significantly reduce the costs of end-of-line tuning and to obtain a homogeneous manoeuvre quality in all vehicles. The proposed automatic tuning system adapts the controller parameters governing the open-loop phase of the manoeuvre until a predefined manoeuvre quality is achieved. The parameters adaptation phase is guided by an on-line objective assessment of the manoeuvre quality from measured data, which allows to automatically classify the performed manoeuvre with respect to its quality attributes. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is assessed on a prototype vehicle.Article Outline1. Introduction and motivation2. System description3. Controller description 3.1. EVD control strategy3.2. EVP control strategy4. Assessing the manoeuvre quality 4.1. Duration index4.2. Discomfort index4.3. Symmetry index5. Automatic tuning algorithm 5.1. Sensitivity analysis5.2. Auto-tuning algorithm implementation6. Experimental results7. Concluding remarks and outlookAcknowledgementsReferencesApplications of empirical methods in central Italy for predicting field wheeled and tracked vehicle performanceSoil and Tillage ResearchResearch highlightsClayrubber track numeric (Nr) was higher for a four rubber tracks vehicle. Claytire numeric (Nc) values were higher for low and medium power wheeled tractors. For mean maximum pressure (MMP) on soil to be 100kPa, Nc,r should be more than 30. Vehicle cone index (VCI1) and MMP values were similar for low soil contact pressure. Higher Nc,r and traction performance values correspond to lowest VCI and MMP values.Synthesis and analysis of the steering system of an adjustable tread-width four-wheel tractorMechanism and Machine TheoryPrecision agriculture on grassland: Applications, perspectives and constraints精准农业与草场机械：应用、视角和约束European Journal of AgronomyAutomatic diagnosis of engine of agricultural tractors: The BED experimentDevelopment of an intuitive user interface for a hydraulic backhoe液压控制系统的用户界面开发 框架与主干设计思路Automation in ConstructionEffect of vibration isolators in reduction of work stress during field operation of hand tractorBiosystems Engineering手扶拖拉机的震动与工作舒适性的关系 操作人机工程An Automatic Depth Control System for Online Measurement of Spatial Variation in Soil Compaction, Part 1: Sensor Design for Measurement of Frame Height Variation from Soil SurfaceAn Automatic Depth Control System for Online Measurement of Spatial Variation in Soil Compaction, Part 2: Modelling of the Depth Control SystemDesign, development and performance evaluation of a tractor-mounted bevameter农用机械与车辆的设计要求：设计开发标准 产品效能评估The vehicle routing problem in field logistics part I农场/农村物流/农业物流的这辆路径问题拖拉机产品实施规划系列农用车CAE分析液压设计车辆电控系统设计机械、车辆汽车及零配件工作经验深厚的研发Tractors Implementation Planning Series Agricultural vehicles CAE analysis Hydraulic Design Vehicle Electronic Control System Machinery, vehicles Motor vehicles and parts Work experience Deep R & D 98 articles found for: pub-date 2000 and tak(Tractors or (Agricultural and (Machinery or vehicles) and (Hydraulic Design ) or (CAE analysis ) or (Motor vehicles) or parts or R&D or (Work experience) or (Electronic Control System ) or (product and application) or (Implementation and practice)12 articles found for: pub-date 2000 and tak(Tractors or (Agricultural and (Machinery or vehicles) or (Hydraulic Design ) or (CAE analysis ) and (Motor vehicles) or parts or Deep R&D or (Work experience) or (Electronic Control System ) or (product and application) or (sales and promotion) or (Implementation and practice) or (Planning and Series)An automatic depth control system for shallow manure injection, Part 1: Modelling of the depth control systemBiosystems EngineeringInjection depth has an important impact on the performance of a shallow manure injection system. Therefore, it should be maintained within narrow margins. For this purpose, an automatic electro-hydraulic depth control system was developed, which minimises the difference between the actual injection, measured by means of an ultrasonic sensor, and the desired injection depth. To minimise this difference the relative position of the shallow slurry injector attached to the four-point linkage at the back of a manure tanker was changed with respect to this tanker. A grey box model was developed for the conversion of the voltage applied to an electronic control unit into the working depth of a shallow manure injector. A simplified and linearised model based on theoretical considerations was developed. The parameters of this model were estimated by means of frequency-domain identification techniques. This model contained all the dominant dynamics of the system that are relevant for control design. Since the dynamics of the system change during manure application, the worst case with respect to the stability of the depth control system was sought by comparing several extreme situations. The case of an empty tanker with the injector above the ground (minimal soil penetration resistance) was found to be the worst case and the model parameters were determined for this case. The resulting model contains an integrator and is of second order in the numerator, and fourth order in the denominator. Along with the non-linear time delay effect this model was found to be suitable for a model-based design of a stable and accurate injection depth controller.Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. System description3. Determination of the model structure 3.1. The electro-hydraulic sub-system3.2. Tanker sub-model3.3. Global model4. Parameter estimation 4.1. Measurement procedure4.2. Effects of soilinjector interaction4.3. Effects of the tanker load4.4. Estimation of the model parameters5. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences一种液压实时电控系统的故障容忍度测试与研究Fault tolerant real time control system for steer-by-wire electro-hydraulic systemsMechatronics机械电子工程学学报A steer-by-wire (SBW) control system is presented with emphasis on safety issues. The applications are in articulated vehicles such as the wheel type loaders, articulated trucks, and others. The electro-hydraulic (EH) power circuit is controlled by two embedded electronic control modules (ECM), the primary ECM and backup ECM. The two ECMs monitor each others condition. If one detects fault in the other, it takes over the control functions. There are two main control algorithms that run in the ECMs in real-time: the steering valve control algorithm and the failure detection algorithm. The valve control algorithm basically generates command signal to the steering valve based on operator steering column signal as well as other machine condition sensors. The failure detection algorithm implements a fault detection logic for both input sensors and output drivers, and flags the corresponding warning for to the operator, and take a predefined action depending on the type of the failure detected. A unique fault strategy organization is implemented by inspecting the failure behavior on both the component and the system levels. The failure detection algorithm also determines the most likely “good” sensor signal from a set of redundant sensors for each critical measurement. Based on these good sensors data, the steering control algorithm sends two output signals: the control signal to the steering EH circuit valve and the control signal to the steering wheel force feedback device (i.e. a brake or a motor) to give operator feedback about the steering conditions. Finite state machine (FSM) concept is used to design the fault handling algorithms for both the component level and the system level failure. The probability of the system being at normal steering state or at any other steering failure state is determined. Failure mode probabilities of steering system components are also determined.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Steer-by-wire control system structure 2.1. Steering systems for articulated vehicles current state of art2.2. Proposed electro-hydraulic steering system description2.3. Proposed system modeling2.4. Real time steering control algorithm2.5. Failure detection algorithm3. Fault tolerant real time control strategy 3.1. Failure categories3.2. Failure handling logic3.3. Finite state machine concept4. Failure detection and handling algorithm5. Failure analysis6. Test results7. ConclusionAppendix A. Proposed system state machine analysisA.1. Transition probability matrixA.2. State probability matrixReferencesExperimental analysis of a motorcycle semi-active rear suspensionControl Engineering PracticeThe topic of this paper is the experimental analysis and development of a control system for a semi-active suspension in a 2-wheel vehicle. The control system is implemented via a semi-active electro-hydraulic damper located in the rear suspension of a motorbike. The entire design and analysis procedure is carried out: the semi-active damper is characterized; a wide range of control strategies is recalled and an innovative semi-active algorithm (Mix-1-Stroke) based on a single-sensor layout is proposed. The strategies are then implemented in the Electronic Control Unit of the motorbike. Tests, both on test-bench and on-road, are presented. The result is the comparative analysis of a wide portfolio of different suspension control strategies, which shows the effectiveness of the Mix-1-Sensor rationale.Article Outline1. Introduction and problem statement2. Description of the actuator: the semi-active damper 2.1. Remark: the dead-time 3. Control strategies 3.1. Sky-Hook (SH) control3.2. Acceleration-driven-damping (ADD) control3.3. Mix-1-sensor control3.4. Mix-1-stroke control4. Test-bench experiments5. Experimental results 5.1. Remark: the damping ratio of the suspension system6. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesFault-tolerant actuators and drivesStructures, fault detection principles and applicationsAnnual Reviews in ControlAs fault detection and fault diagnosis methods are more and more finding their way into modern industrial mechatronic products, it is now time to take the next step. Based on the research efforts for fault detection and diagnosis, a status report has been prepared for research on fault management, i.e. automatic reactions of the system to continue operation after the detection of faults. These reactions may employ hardware redundancy (i.e. switching from a faulty actuator to another, intact one) or analytical redundancy (i.e. switching from a faulty sensor to a “model sensor” or “soft sensor”). A total fault-tolerance concept must encompass all components of a system, i.e. the actuators and drives, the process itself, the sensors as well as the controller and communication. In many cases, a degradation of functions has to be accepted after a fault has appeared. Concentrating on some widespread actuation principles, the paper will focus on electric drives and hydraulic actuators. First, a review is given on fault-tolerance principles and general structural considerations, e.g. hot-standby and cold-standby, focusing on the scheme of an overall fault-tolerant control system. Then, fault statistics for existing actuators and drives will be presented. These fault statistics give hints on the parts of the actuators which are most susceptible to faults. Different designs of fault-tolerant actuators and drives, which have been realized as laboratory prototypes or even on an industrial scale, shall be presented and evaluated with respect to their capabilities of withstanding faults. Finally, an outlook for fault-tolerant mechatronic systems will be given.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Fault detection methods for fault-tolerance3. Fault-tolerance strategies4. Fault-tolerant electrical drives 4.1. Fault statistics of electrical drives4.2. Fault detection methods for electrical drives4.3. Fault-tolerant AC motors4.4. Fault-tolerant synchronous and BLDC drives4.5. Electric motors in parallel and serial connection5. Fault-tolerant fluidic actuators 5.1. Fault statistics of hydraulic actuators5.2. Fault detection methods for hydraulic actuators5.3. Fault-tolerant hydraulic actuator with dual ram and valve5.4. Fault-tolerant hydraulic actuator with single ram and dual valve5.5. Fault-tolerant hydraulic actuator with dual ram and integral pressure supply6. Conclusions and outlookReferencesVitae直流电机的故障容忍度与检测Hydroforming-applications of coherent FE-simulations to the development of products and processesJournal of Materials Processing TechnologyThe hydroforming technology is widely used today in the mass production of lightweight components for the automotive industry. In this article, applications of CAx techniques including simulation methods to the development of the hydroformed parts are illustrated using the latest examples. These techniques enable the reduction of process development efforts and costs, and the improvement and optimization of part quality and the process chain.Article Outline1. Introduction2. The process principle3. Operational sequence of series part development4. Applications of FEA to the development of hydroformed parts and optimization5. ConclusionsReferences产品开发及工艺设计过程中的有限元仿真分析应用PMPower and Machinery: Pesticide Loss Reduction by Automatic Adaptation of Spraying on Globular TreesJournal of Agricultural Engineering ResearchAutomotive technicians training as a community-of-practice: Implications for the design of an augmented reality teaching aidApplied ErgonomicsThe paper presents an ergonomic analysis carried out in the early phases of an R&D project. The purpose was to investigate the functioning of todays Automotive Service Technicians (ASTs) training in order to inform the design of an Augmented Reality (AR) teaching aid. The first part of the paper presents a literature review of some major problems encountered by ASTs today. The benefits of AR as technological aid are also introduced. Then, the methodology and the results of two case studies are presented. The first study is based on interviews with trainers and trainees; the second one on observations in real training settings. The results support the assumption that todays ASTs t