论文对卸胎手的整体设计，执行机构的设计，PLC自动控制的程序设计，设计思想，控制方法都作了详细的阐述，并对各个部分的设计方案进行了论述。从基本理论,工作原理上对设计进行了分析和论证，针对本次设计的技术要求，执行机构均采用了机械手，并对其结构进行了具体的设计，对于传动部分，考虑到既要准确又要容易控制，采用了齿轮齿条传动。整个卸胎是一个完整的过程，要求准确到位，所以选用了信号采集，PLC自动控制，也是本次设计的优点。

运用PLC控制电路来控制卸胎的整个过程，根据要求，通过PLC编程，既可以实现自动控制，也可以完成分布动作，方便了工人的操作。此外，设计还采用了其它附件与整个设备配合使用，进一步完善了设计。

关键词：机械手，齿轮齿条，PLC自动控制，胎筒，光幕。

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内容简介：: 大连水产学院本科毕业论文（设计） English 1 Design Knowledge Management with Reconstructible Structure Abstract Critical issue in knowledge management is how to increase the adaptability of knowledge as well as how to reconstruct similar knowledge. In order to construct for new products, designers need to reconstruct the design knowledge with new relationships. A new design knowledge expression method, Design DNA, is proposed in this work for representing complicated relationships of design knowledge structure. Design DNA facilitates rearrangement of design knowledge and promotes the flexibility of knowledge structure, Design DNA is based on layout-oriented domain knowledge and Function oriented domain knowledge ,which enables to generate new design knowledge that will result in new part geometries for given constraints on the part functions. Keywords: Knowledge, Design, Knowledge representation 1 Introduction The use of knowledge-based systems has been limited to the areas of very specific application where special methodologies and tools are used. The methodologies and tools are developed respectively according to the different conventions of knowledge representation and expertise in the relevant files. Recognizing that the dependencies of knowledge models limit the general use of knowledge-based systems, researchers studied general models for representation. The first generation of knowledge-based system provided a set of standard reasoning procedures using declarative representation of such as rules, frames, etc. The next generation of knowledge-based systems in design applications abstracted the design processes with symbolic representational considerations and evolved to the paradigm of model-based systems, where a new concept called abstract level is proposed. Knowledge expressed in the abstract level can be explained as playing its role in problem-solving processes. However, the abstract level structure of knowledge has difficulties in product design and manufacturing fields. Even though the structure was widely considered in many companies because of its simplicity , the complexity of dynamic domain and the uncertainty about the future maintainability confined the use of the strict level structure. The third generation knowledge-based systems considered the relationship among each knowledge and fact. However, they also have problems such as: short life cycles of design knowledge, lack of flexibility due to the vertical structured knowledge, and the difficulty of knowledge reuse. Design knowledge has a short life cycle in real industrial practices. For example, in an automotive part manufacturing company in Korea, the life cycle of the product is less than four months. Hence new design knowledge is generated even before the knowledge base of the current knowledge is constructed. The knowledge stored in the current knowledge is constructed. The knowledge stored in the current knowledge base becomes obsolete even before it becomes fully operative. In order to enable changes in design knowledge of short life cycle, flexible knowledge structures, reusable design knowledge , and easy definitions of knowledge structures are required. In this work, biological DNA structures are studied because they are knowledge expression methods in the biological ecosystem. Design DNA method is proposed for solving the problem of knowledge reuse and applied to examples of practical products in automotive part industry. Design knowledge is divided into Layout-oriented domain and Function-oriented domain in order to realize flexible knowledge structures. In Design DNA method the knowledge expression is commonly understood by both human and software agents, and knowledge reuse among different knowledge domains is possible. nts大连水产学院本科毕业论文（设计） English 2 2KNOWLEDGE EXPRESSION 2.1 Related works The abstract level, also known as knowledge level, allows describing a knowledge model in terms of strategies of reasoning and roles of knowledge types . The levels are implemented by specific symbolic representation formalisms. After some years of different proposals for knowledge modeling at the knowledge level, the knowledge acquisition community agreed upon several key concepts such as the generic task, the generic task in the model of components of expertise, the role limiting method, and the ontology concept. 2.2 Design DNA Design is known as a creative process where not only making a whole new product or one of its elements but also synthesizing preexisting designs in an effective way are performed. In many real practices, the design process often involves arranging established elements under various constrains, such as space , weight ,cost. Figure 1 shows the application of common design knowledge in different work areas. The common design knowledge exists in various work areas as a fragmentary puzzle. Previously knowledge expression methods were studied for classifying fragmentary knowledge. However design knowledge has various types, so that the expression methods were limited to the areas of very specific applications where special methodologies and tools are used. They caused applications problems of the design knowledge of the design knowledge has similarity. These problems make design knowledge expression unable to catch up with the short life cycle of products. In order to solve these problems, Design DNA method has the following features. Flexible knowledge structure Because the change of design knowledge in real practices occurs frequently, design knowledge needs to be possibly transformed into other related knowledge into Design DNA methods divides domains of knowledge into Layout-oriented and Function-oriented for facilitating the knowledge changes. Easy reuse of design knowledge Two domains in design DNA methods consist of minimal knowledge units such as know-how, expertise, organization, ideas, mechanism, formula, patent, and value. Design DNA structure that is formed in a work area can be applied in another areas when similar constraints are imposed. Common understanding of knowledge Previously design knowledge is structured differently according to knowledge models, which makes knowledge structures hardly understood by both humans and software agents. Design DNA methods offers common understanding of knowledge structure through one-dimension knowledge structure and graphical representation of knowledge. Turban and Aronson proposed that knowledge can be classified into explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge and that these different types of knowledge are closely connected with each other 5.In Design DNA method, however, design knowledge is divided into two domains as follows: Layout-oriented domain knowledge This is a set of knowledge that becomes the backbone of composing information. This set of knowledge consists of characteristic that are needed in order to satisfy the given constrains. It is composed of external facts and related knowledge, i.e., tacit knowledge Function-oriented domain knowledge This is a set of knowledge that is independent of layout-oriented knowledge. It is connected with internal operation of the system using explicit knowledge. This set of knowledge is used to decide the nts大连水产学院本科毕业论文（设计） English 3 optimal designs. Figure 2 shows two domains of design knowledge in real practice. The Layout-oriented domain knowledge should be uniquely defined so that it becomes possible to reuse preexisting knowledge. The Layout-oriented domain includes tacit knowledge concept. It is composed of expertise, organization, know-low, and ideas. Expertise is a measure of experiential knowledge and corresponds to formula and parent of Function-oriented domain. Organization represents the structure and the connecting method between each knowledge unit. It corresponds to mechanism of Function-oriented domain. Know-low is an industrial skill and engineering knowledge such as recipe, secret, parent, and copyright. It corresponds to formula and value of Function-oriented domain. Idea means creativity in design and corresponds to mechanism, formula, patent, and value of Function-oriented domain. In the Function-oriented domain, knowledge is divided into mechanism, formula, patent, and value. The knowledge units in this domain are connected with particular knowledge units of Layout-oriented domain. One-to-many mapping is possible between Layout-oriented domain knowledge and Function-oriented domain knowledge .However, the constraints of a new design select the optimum mapping, which concludes one-to-one mapping among multiple stray mappings. The selection by the constraints is based on the fact that the design can satisfy new constraints. Table 1 shows example of design knowledge needed is designing a spring. The design knowledge of the spring of each domain is mapped as one-to-one correspondence. The design knowledge units of length, centerline, and inside radius are defined as know-how. In this case the constraints, determines that know-how to formula mapping is an optimum mapping because know-how to value mapping cannot satisfy the given constraints. Figure 3 shows the analogy between the synthesis process of Design DNA system and biological system 12. In this figure, design knowledge has a form of thread, which is Design DNA, and represents the mapping between Layout-oriented domain and Function-oriented domain. When a new part or product is designed, the Design DNA is divided into mRNA and tRNA which are useful knowledge extracted from DNA using two types of enzymes. Enzymes have two types of constraint as ENZm and ENZt. The roles of the enzymes are: they act as inputs to the system and they set the constraints. ENZm works for rearranging design information extracting useful geometrical knowledge, mRNA from Design DNA, and it works for constructing relational information product design. mRNA is transformed into codons which contain geometrical information and is combined with anticodons. A codon represents the resulting component of feature which is reasoned by design knowledge in mRNA. An anticodon is a constraint that a corresponding condon should have in relation to other codons. The codon and antcodon are synthesized, which results in the features of part or product. The synthesis process is analogous to the generation of polypeptide chain in biological system. 4 PRODUCT DESIGN WITH DESIGN DNA In a company that produces the automatic transmission lever in Korea, new design of the product are needed every three to four month. Although the lever types are same, the levers have a lot of variation so that the lever designers have to modify existing designs with the reuse of previous design knowledge. A cable plate of the automatic transmission lever system has a function of guiding the cable that ia connect to key-lock cam and shift-lock cam. The cable plate has three supporting holes, one contact surface with bracket and two control planes as design features. The cable plate geometry is controlled by the mounting position of key-lock cam and shift-lock cam. Figure 4 shows part of design knowledge of the cable plate that is represented by the Design DNA method. Design knowledge needed for deciding the contact surface and the end point of the plate is nts大连水产学院本科毕业论文（设计） English 4 shown in the figure. Among the design knowledge of the contact surface position, the knowledge that the contact surface is necessary in order to fix the cable plate to the bracket is the Layout-oriented domain knowledge, and the knowledge how the contact surface position and shape are decided is the Function-oriented domain knowledge. In the figure, the Layout-oriented domain knowledge, named as BTSICFace, is classified as know-how and shown as a hexagonal base with a letter K for know-how. The Function-oriented domain knowledge is shown as a dotted line in the figure. The letter F on the dotted line means that the type of the Function-oriented domain knowledge is “formula” in this example. In figure 4, the Layout-oriented domain knowledge of the both sides is connected with Function-oriented domain knowledge. The relation is unlaced by ENZ, new constraints for a new product, and new Design DNA is constructed. The left side of unlaced Design DNA is a set of currently accumulated design knowledge and the right side of Design DNA becomes a set of new knowledge that is constructed by new constraints of EMZ. Examples of ENZ are types of the lever system, the possible limits of the break cable, etc. A new Design DNA, mRNA, is divided into several codons so that these codons have one-to-one correspondence to each feature of parts. Figure 5 shows the results of design synthesis when new design constraints are given. The features of the cable plat are constructed by codons. The anticodon, which is made from tRna, synthesizes the features by controlling the assembling condition of the features. Figure shows the original design of c

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