【最新】2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题二 名词.doc

名词是英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查，单项填空题中，每年都出现12道题。此外，在阅读理解和完形填空中，名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此，在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法。 一、名词的分类二、名词的数：可数与不可数 学习名词，首先要分清名词的可数与不可数。可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西，因此它有复数形式。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西；它一般没有复数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰，若要表示它的个体意义时，必须与一个名词短语连用，相当于中文里的(数词量词名词)，其中的量词意义视具体的名词搭配而定。如：a piece of bread/paper/furniture/news/advice/information。一般来说，名词是可数还是不可数，其分类方法与汉语相似，但又不完全相同，因此不能完全凭汉语的感觉去分类，如：同样为“建议”，advice是不可数名词，而suggestion却是可数名词。因此，在学习名词时，要注意积累那些和我们汉语感觉不同的词。三、名词的转化1一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：(1)抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如： 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词，可数名词) in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor 赢得荣誉an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)have pity on sb. 怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情with pleasure 乐意a pleasure 乐事(2)抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。请对比： After several years self study he acquired a great deal of knowledge.A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Have you had any experience of teaching English？I had a rather different experience the other day. Walk is a good form of exercise. Would you like to have a walk (swim， bath， talk) with me？It is a waste of time reading such a novel. There is too much waste in this factory. 【易错警示】 有些抽象名词不能具体化使用，即使有形容词修饰，也不能和不定冠词连用。这类名词有：fun，advice，information，health, progress, wealth, news, weather，homework等。2物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如： (1)物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。some coffee 一些咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 some drink 一些饮料 a drink 一杯饮料 his hair 他的头发 a few white hairs 几根白发 glass 玻璃 a glass 一只玻璃杯 (2)物质名词有形容词修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfasthave a wonderful breakfastThe road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night. 3有复数形式的不可数名词(1)有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，表示具体化，意义发生变化或构成固定短语。如：use ones brains 动脑筋 meet with difficulties遇到各种困难make preparations 做准备in high spirits 情绪高涨good manners 有礼貌Many thanks. 非常感谢。No pains，no gains.不劳无获。congratulations 祝贺possessions 所有物，财产surroundings 环境 (2)有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：burst into tears 大哭起来miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩burn to ashes 烧成灰烬四、名词的格1s所有格的特殊表达形式(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of apples。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths plant, the worlds population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。(3)表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop，house等名词。如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所。2of所有格(1)基本形式：a friend of Tomssome/two students of mine(2)表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，of 所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those, 但不能用the。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)五、名词作定语名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式，根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类：表示中心词的用途、功能、材料。stone wall, shoe shop, coffee cup表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。summer school, evening dress, street light表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。bike key, animal trainer, woman driver注意：1名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式，且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如：two pencil boxes, girl friends但是，少数的名词作定语却用复数形式，如：sports shoes 运动鞋clothes shops 服装店 a sales girl女销售员a greetings card 贺卡a customs officer 海关人员2man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。a man doctormen doctors; a woman engineerwomen engineers3名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。the girl friend女朋友the girls friend那位女孩的朋友the woman driver女司机the womans driver那位妇女的司机4名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象；形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。gold watch金表； golden sunshine金色的阳光heart trouble心脏病；hearty welcome热忱的欢迎 convenience food快餐；convenient food制作方便的食品六、名词在具体语境中的辨析由于现在的高考越来越注重在语境中考查词汇的使用能力，因此在语境中对名词进行辨析使用已成为单项填空和完形填空对名词的热点考查项目。如：12010天津卷 James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television. Aroom Barea Cfield Dposition【解析】 A考查名词辨析。 make room for 腾地方。room 意为“空间”等于space，为不可数名词。2 2010安徽卷 I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed beyond . Ahearing Bstrength Crecognition Dmeasure【解析】 C考查介词与名词搭配。句意为：Sara是小孩子的时候我见过，后来就没见过她，她变得让人认不出来了。 beyond recognition变得面目全非。32010湖北卷 For two weeks，Mark accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other 40， specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new 41. 40A. feelings Borgans Cskills Dsenses41A. position Benvironment Cstatus Drole【解析】 40.D41.B(Susan失明之后，)丈夫教她如何依靠她的其他感觉尤其是听觉来判断她身处何处和如何适应新的环境。1. 【误】 There is fierce competition between the three shoes shops in the street. 【正】 There is fierce competition between the three shoe shops in the street. 【解析】 此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。2【误】 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! 【正】 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy returns of the day!【解析】 这是一句固定的生日祝福语， “祝你生日快乐，长命百岁”。returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。3【误】 He works in a child hospital. 【正】 He works in a childrens hospital. 【解析】 有些名词作定语表示名词的适用范围时，习惯上用名词复数的s所有格形式，如：a childrens magazine ( a magazine for children)；mens clothes ( clothes for men)。 4这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。【误】 The manager has got a good business idea, so the company is doing well.【正】 The manager has got a good business sense, so the company is doing well.【解析】 idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法，显然不符合语境。sense意识，感。1Dont be so naughty! Be your _. Got it. Amanners Bage Cbehavior Dpoliteness【解析】 B本题考查固定词组。be ones age行为和年龄相称。此处意为：你成熟点。2How can I use this MP5?Well, just refer to the _. Adirections BexplanationsCexpressions Dintroductions【解析】 A依据题意可知，表达“参照说明书”应用refer to the directions。directions指示， 用法， 说明(书)；explanations解释，说明；expressions表达；introductions介绍。故选择A项。3In Rome, its a common _ to have a shot of espresso after breakfast. Apractice Btaste Csense Dcustoms【解析】 A本题考查名词词义辨析。practice惯例，侧重习惯性做某事；taste味道，品味；sense感觉，观念；customs海关。由语境可知，在罗马，早餐后喝杯浓咖啡是个惯例。common sense常识。选A。4The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly _. Aatmosphere Bstate Csituation Dphenomenon【解析】 A句意为：两国领导人在一种友好的氛围中进行交谈。B和C都有“情形，情况”的意思，D 是“现象”，只有A“氛围”符合题意。5Hi，this way, please. OK. I sometimes have no sense of _ when I arrive at the crossroads. Aposition Bdirection Csituation Dcondition【解析】 B have no sense of direction 意为“没有方向感”。6Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _. Aintention Battempt Cpurpose Ddesire【解析】 Battempt在此表示“尝试”。7Mr. Brown thought it would be a good idea to have _ from his workers to improve his plan. Asummaries BenquiriesCcomments Dconnections【解析】 C考查名词辨析。comment意见。句意为：布朗先生认为听取工人的意见来改进工作计划是一个好办法。而不是 summary“总结”；enquiry “询问，打听”；connection“联系”。8Dont try to persuade your boss，and he wont have the _ of employing mea fresh student. Aintention Battention Csense Dattraction【解析】 A考查固定搭配。句意为：别费力说服你的老板了，他不想雇用我这个大一学生的。have the intention of doing sth.意为“打算做某事，有做某事的意图”，是固定搭配。9Whats the _ having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? Asense Bmatter Ccase Dopinion【解析】 Asense在此处指“意义，含义”；matter事件，问题，原因；case事，案例；opinion意见，看法，主张。Whats the sense of？有什么意义。10I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale；it was a real _. Aexchange Bbargain Ctrade Dbusiness【解析】 B句意为：我仅花10美元买了一件甩卖的裙子；真是一件便宜货。bargain廉价货，便宜货。exchange交换， 交流； trade贸易；business商业，买卖；事情。11If you ask why I plan to study in the United States，the only answer is that it is a (n) _ for me. Apuzzle Badvantage Cchallenge Daverage【解析】 C考查名词辨析。challenge意为“挑战”，即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境：puzzle意为“困惑”；advantage意为“优点，优势”；average意为“平均数”。12Shall we go out for a walk?Sorry. This is not the right _ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. Amoment Bsituation Cplace Dchance【解析】 A从语境可知“我累得不能走了”，因此“这不是邀请我的最佳时刻”。13To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses. Astrengths Bbenefits Ctechniques Dvalues【解析】 Astrength在此处指“优势，优点”，与weakness(弱势，弱点)相对。14It is well known to us all that in China pigeons stand for peace. However, in India the wheel in its national flag is also a _ of peace. Aexample Bsign Cmark Dsymbol【解析】 D考查名词辨析。句意为：众所周知在中国鸽子代表和平，而在印度国旗上的车轮也是和平的象征。symbol 意为“象征；符号”，故D项符合题意。sign记号；符号；标牌；征兆；mark记号；符号；标记；痕迹；example例子；样本；范例；榜样。15One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but will help cover my living _. Abills Bexpenses Cprices Dcharges【解析】 B考查名词辨析。句意为：每月一千美元不是一笔大数目的钱，但却足够支付我的生活费用。living expenses生活开支/费用。bill账单，清单；price价格；charge要价，收费。1(2011福建毕业班检测)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest_.Ainterruption BinstructionCconsideration Dconvenience解析：考查名词辨析。这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”，at your earliest convenience 是固定表达，表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”，符合语境。interruption打断；instruction 指导，指示；consideration 考虑。答案：D2(2011浙江金华十校联考)If you ask why I plan to study in the United States，the only answer is that it is a(n) _for me.Apuzzle Badvantage Cchallenge Daverage解析：考查名词辨析。challenge 意思是“挑战”，即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境；puzzle 意思是“困惑”；advantage 意思是“优点，优势”；average 意思是“平均数”。答案：C3(2011浙江金华十校联考)The conference has been held to discuss the _of global warming on peoples lives all over the world.Aimportance BeffectsCprotection Dattitudes解析：考查名词辨析。effects 意思是“影响”，即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意：importance 意思是“重要性”；protection 意思是“保护”；attitudes 意思是“态度”。答案：B4(2011潍坊教学质量抽样监测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents _will be to my poor examination result.Aexpression BreactionCappearance Dexpectation解析：考查名词辨析。句意为：我真的有点担心，因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情；reaction 反应；appearance 外表；expectation 期望。答案：B5(2011陕西教学质量检测)There is no_in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.Adoubt BmindCpoint Dwonder解析：考查名词辨析。固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做是没有必要的”，其他搭配不正确，所以这里选C项。答案：C6(2011郑州第二次检测)Here are some _for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.Apatterns BtipsCtopics Defforts解析：考查名词辨析。语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告，当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告，意见；pattern 样式，花样，图案；topic 题目，论题，话题；effort 努力，尽力。答案：B7(2011海南五校联考)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping，so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common_.Apractice BknowledgeCexperience Dduty解析：考查名词辨析。因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice 通常的做法，符合题意。答案：A8(2011福建检测)Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.In my_，his decision is not wise.Aword BviewCsight Dway解析：考查名词。句意为：在我看来，他的决定不明智。in ones view表示“在某人看来”。答案：B9(2011安徽合肥第一次质检)My English teacher is really very kind.Ill never forget the_he has done me.Afavor BdeedChelp Dvalue解析：句意为：我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb.a favor 帮助某人。答案：A10(2011杭州检测二)According to a UN report,30 percent of the worlds population have no_to clean drinking water and health care.Ameans BapproachCchannel Daccess解析：该题考查名词。access意思是“(使用或见到的)机会，权利”，后面与介词to连用。答案：D11(2