water pollution.doc

the Rhine water pollution accidents 莱茵河水污染事故中文摘要：莱茵河长度1360公里，流域22.4万平方公里。自古以来，是欧洲最繁忙的水道，是沿线多个国家的饮用水水源。然而在1986年11月1日晚，瑞士巴塞尔的圣兹（Sandoz公司）化工公司的化学品仓库发生火灾，含有1250吨剧毒农药的钢罐爆炸，大量硫，磷，汞和其它有毒物质通过下水道进入莱茵河；事故造成约160公路范围内的鱼大量死亡，约480公里范围内的水不能饮用。这起事故不仅使瑞士本国遭受重大损失，而且德国，法国，荷兰等莱茵河沿岸国家都受到不同程度的损伤。发生此次事件后，有关国家加强了多边合作；法国，瑞士，德国还共同成立一个工作小组，以健全和完善紧急联络与信息交流机制，并针对莱茵河的污染事故预防和减轻污染损害采取了必要措施。1993年5月1日欧盟委员会发表了关于补救环境损害的绿皮书。 通过此次事故，可知水资源与人类生活紧密相连，如果受到污染，将直接影响到人类饮水、通航、以及水生生物的存亡，并且受到污染的水资源一时难以排除污染源，清理工作困难。另一方面，保护水资源并非某一国家的事，而是全人类共同的责任，所以在预防、治理方面应该加强国际合作。The Rhine is a well-known international river, which rises in the Swiss Alps, St. Gotthard peak, the flows from south to north, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France and the Netherlands and other countries, in the vicinity of thePort of Rotterdam into the North Sea. Length of 1360 kilometers, drainage area of 224,000 square kilometers. Since ancient times, the Rhine is Europes busiest waterway, is also a source of drinking water in several countries along the route. 1. Chemical warehouse fire caused a catastrophic accident Basel is located in the Rhine Bay and at the junction of France and Germany and is Switzerlands second largest city, but also Switzerlands chemical Industry center, three major chemical groups are concentrated in Basel. November 1, 1986 late in the evening, located in Basel, Switzerland, the city of San Dodds (Sandoz) Chemical Company, a chemical warehouse fire, highly toxic pesticides containing about 1250 tons of steel cans exploded, sulfur, phosphorus, mercury and other toxic material with a large number of fire-fighting water into the sewers, into the Rhine. Sang Dodds after the company admitted that a total of 1246 tons of various chemicals have been putting out the fire water into the Rhine, including 824 tons of pesticides, herbicides 71 tons, 39 tons except microbial agent, 4 tons of organic solvents and 12 tons of mercury and so on. The formation of toxic substances, 70 km-long red ribbon to the micro-flow downstream. The following day, chemical plant with a plastic plug blocking sewers. Eight days later, plug in the water under the pressure off, dozens of tons of toxic substances into the Rhine, after once again cause pollution. Caused by the accident about 160 km from the majority of fish were killed and about 480 km within the scope of the pollution,can not drink well water. Pollution incident alert transmitted to the downstream Switzerland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the four countries along the city, the river water plant shut down as quantitative water supply to the residents to use cars. As the Rhine in Germany up to 865 kilometers, is Germanys most important rivers, which suffered the greatest losses. Close to the sea the Netherlands, will be interlinked with the Rhine river gate closed. France and the former West Germany, some of the newspapers will this incident with the Bhopal gas leak incident, the former Soviet Union compared to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion. Science knowledge summary of the 20th century, the most famous place in the world of pollution incidents, the Rhine water pollution accidents have been classified as six major pollution incident of the six. 2. Catastrophic incidents in the handling of The accident not only makes the Swiss national has suffered heavy losses, but also along the way Germany, France, the Netherlands, the Rhine riparian countries are subject to different degrees of damage. After the incident, the French Minister for the Environment on December 19 asked the Swiss government compensation 38 million U.S. dollars to compensate for the fishing and shipping industry suffered short-term losses, for the restoration of the ecological damage the ecosystem of the mid-term losses, built on the Rhine the potential loss of the dam expenses. Government of Switzerland and San Dodds said it is willing to address the question of damages, and ultimately the San Doddss Government of France to the French fishermen and paid compensation. The company has also taken a series of improvements related to the establishment of a mulberry Dodds - Rhine Foundation to help restore damaged by this incident the ecosystem to the World Wildlife Fund with 7.3 million U.S. dollars donation in funding a three-year plan to restore the Rhine flora and fauna. 3. Countries to strengthen cooperation Through this incident, the countries concerned to strengthen the multilateral cooperation. France, Switzerland, Germany, jointly set up a working group to improve and perfect the system and the emergency contact Information exchange mechanisms, and on the prevention of pollution of the Rhine pollution accidents and mitigating the damage need to take the necessary measures to reach an agreement. In the aftermath of the incident, the authorities also adopted a resolution on the incident (Commission, Bulletin of the European Commission No.11/1986), the resolution proposed to design a book about the Green Paper on environmental liability. At the same time the statement, in order to further protect the Rhine and other transport corridors, especially important to develop a set of regulations to provide compensation for costs and civil liability for environmental damage. May 1, 1993 the European Commission issued a remedy environmental damage on the Green Paper. Which relates to the joint and several compensation system to remedy environmental damage, joint and several compe