上海交大考博英语作文写法+练习.doc

五段三部分写作方法五段三部分写作方法第一段：介绍现象，引入主题，陈述大意第一句群：现象描述、争论呈现、自问自答、引入概念开头陈述背景、描述现象、引入概念：nowadays、recently、in the past few years、with the development of、now people in growing numbers are coming to realize that、at present、according to开头强调：it goes without saying that、as is known to all、there is no denying the fact that、essential as sth is、开头引入概念：refers to、be defined as、means问题、主题、话题、难题、挑战：hot topical issue、discussion、concentration、public concentration、the general public concentration、popular action、saying、idea、in hot dispute、under hot debate、under hot discussionDraw public attentionThe discussion about is becoming increasingly hot. The controversial action arouses hot discussion in society.Various people may have different choices.When asked about、When it comes to，peoples opinions differ.Everything has two sides of effects on human life. A is no exception.引入争论：Some people say、argue、maintain、think、feel、suggest、state、hold、believe、claim、deem、agree that 、assert、mention、Some other，however，point out、rebut、oppose、disprove、question、place suspicion on、cast doubt on、suspect、hold opposite view toward第二句群：as far as I am concerned、in my opinion、personally speaking、I think that、From my point of view、I share the opinion、My opinion is that、idea is that、position、standpoint is第三句群：My reason is that Only by doing so can one for、since、because of、several kinds of、several、some、advices、tips、principles、suggestions、methods、Here are some advices.第二、三、四段：分别阐释各条理由组成：引入词，主题句+分开阐释（说理、引用、举例、对比、假设）+转入下一段表顺序：My main reason is that、The second reason is that、The third reason is first、second、third、forth、fifth、sixth、to start、for the first、another、on top of that、thenThere is a third factor thatFinally、lastly、last but not least、The former, whereas the latter1）举例子：for example、for instance、take A for an example、a case in point is A、A is a case in point、such as A、B and C、2）因果法：因for、since、because、for the reason that、for the fact that 、ascribe to、be attributed to、hanks to、because of、lies in、result from、due to、on account of、owing to、表结果：therefore、thus、consequently、as a result、so、hence、lead to、result in、as a result、consequence of、in consequence、in the effect、influence、impact of、end up with3）引用：just as、as Sb. Confucius says that、as the proverb says4）对比：however、on the contrary、otherwise、compare with、in contrast、in comparison、compared to、5）假设：if、if not、6）表并列：whereas、while、at the same time、together with、meanwhile、as well as、as well7）表递进：in addition、besides、on the other hand、moreover、with respect to、not onlybut also、its equally important to do、and vice versa、8）表让步：although、in spite of the fact that、despite、9）表总结：in conclusion、in short、in summary、to sum up、时间：over the years、in the long run、nowadays、annually、during the 19th century、no longer、最后一段：重申主题，呼应主题，总结分论点，总结全文，呼应主题引导词：Finally、in short、in summary、in conclusion、consequently、to be short、in a world、conclusively、to sum up、With such a comprehensive set of effect、Taking all these into account，weAs is discussed above，as stated in the previous paragraph，It can be concluded from the discussion thatOnly by doing so、From what has been discussed above，we may safely draw the conclusion that、It is high time we place great emphasize on、From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that句子构成主语：it、主题词主要句子结构：主语，定语从句（which/what/who），主句主语，同位语从句，主句状语从句，主语+主句状语从句，主语+主句，定义从句/同位语从句句型一：it 开头句&强调句It is thatIt is known thatIts the responsibility of the whole society to prevent Its necessary to doIt is generally believed、accepted、thought、held that句型二：倒装句Only by doing so,Adj. /adv. as it is, 名词+从句Varying as it is in different societies、cultures and ages、social， medical experts find it closely related to health and vice versa.Omnipresent in our daily food, salt is part of what the body needs.句型三：there be/the+名词 开头句 动名词做主语、不定式做主语There should not be too much sugar in their diet.The best way to do is 句型四：从句（一定要搞清句子结构，句子成分不缺失）状语从句：黏贴多个短句Worrying that their routine medication might affect the result of exam, they withhold the medication before the exam.伴随状语：With the development of ,With the change of , Conclusively, as a new self-healthcare method, physical checkup目的状语：In order to do/to do同位语从句：黏贴多个短句结构：分句A, doing+分句B.分句A1, doing+分句B, 分句A2.Including/which includeCausing/which causeetc.定语从句：可用来展开描述, which/when/what/who/where/why插入语：连词，起补充、断句等功能as health experts suggest,可能的图表或图画：As is shown in the tableIt can be seen、shown、concluded、estimated from the table、graph、figures、statistics、By comparison with, itFrom the picture we can know thatAs is depicted in the picture、as portrayed in the picture、describedIllustrate 词汇一：动词认为、被认为、被视作：believe、be viewed as、be seemed as、be treated as、be deemed as表注意：pay attention to、take care of、watch out of、what calls for special attention is that、表提高、表促进、表改进：improve、improve medical technique、promote、enhance、accelerate、表降低、减少：reduce、reduction、descend、fall、come down、decrease、decreasing、decrease the risk of、less and less、deteriorating、表增长、上升：rise、ascend、increase、increasing number of、more and more、影响：affect、have an affection /impact on、has an immeasurable effect on ones health、have a big influence on、表实施、应用： apply to、undertake、employ、implement、be employed、adopt、take up表替代、代替：replace、replace the role of、instead、instead of、substitute for、substitution、alternative、表提供：provide with、provide with sth. for 、offer、to meet the need of支持、保证：support、support their rapid body growth、guarantee sth.表根据、依赖：depends on、relay on、according to、表吸引：attract、to keep patient、表威胁、危害：threaten ones health、threaten the society、情态动词：may、might、should、ought to、seems、sounds、不能：fail to do、unable to do、cannot表避免：avoid sth.、keep from doing、表变化、多样：change、various、vary、vary according to、a variety of、varied among、表先兆、暗示：imply、indication、sign、foreboding、hint预防：prevent、preventive measure、取得进步：make great progress、advances、词汇二：形容词、副词表重要、必不可少的：be essential to、critical、crucial、be indispensable to、significant、important、nothing is more important than、whats far more important is that、equally important is、ranks NO.1、表有用、有利的：do good to、beneficial、be benefic to、have benefit to、helpful、useful、pay important role in、advantageous、advantage、disadvantages、take advantage of、表合适的、合理的、适当的、适度的：reasonable、proper、moderate、sensible、rational、a good control of、表不当的：improper、uncontrolled、unreasonable、irrational、有效的、有用的、起作用的：efficient、effectively、efficiently、表广泛、综合、全面、深远、复杂、极端的：comprehensive、profound、extensive、intricate、instructive、complex、complicated、extreme、表根本地、彻底的、巨大的：radically、all-round reform、tremendous充足的：sufficient、substantial、abundant、be abundant in、缺乏：lack of、lacking in our diet表大量的：a large number of、a large scale of、numerous、on a large scale、表主要的：prominent、prominently、dominate、dominating、primary、main、staple、major、表剧烈的、费力的、持续的：extensive、persistent、insistent、exhausted、vigorous、表客观的、准确的、具体的：objective、accurate、specific迅速的、快速的、直接地：immediate、directly、表神奇的、微妙的：magical、subtle effect明显的、潜在的：obvious、apparent、visible、potential、invisible表容易、表方便、舒服的：convenient、economical、easy、simple、comfortable表不同、相反：different from表进一步：future、deeper表通常、经常：usually、on a regular basis、frequently表尤其、独有：especially good for、unique to、表是否：whether or not、不幸的是、幸运的是：unfortunately、fortunately表倍数：5 times as many as、仁慈的、同情的：mercy、sympathy、kind、humane、词汇三：名词表数量、时间、频率：the number of、amount of、time、frequency of、福利、福祉、生计：well-being、happiness、livelihood伦理、道德、尊严：ethic、moral、morality、dignity表误解、错误观念：misconception、misgiving、选择：an ideal option/choice 组成、组分：element、ingredient表紧张、抑郁、焦虑、烦躁：a series of negative emotions、such as anxious、depression、depressed、tense、nerve、fear、bored、irritable、disappointed、表性格状况：weak will、defect in character、self-centered、缓解：alleviate、remove、relax、relief、relieve、人群：white-collar workers、blue-collar workers、mental/manual workers、people of different occupations、珍爱生命：cherish life、习惯于：be used to doing、be accustomed to、生活方式、生活节奏：lifestyle、unhealthy lifestyle、unsanitary lifestyle、living activities、habits、the pace of life过劳、压力过大：overwork、excess stress、pressure意识：awareness、social awareness、the awareness of、realize、精力充沛的：energetic、cheerful mood、active、concentrate、actively、表相关、关系：be related to、the relationship between A and B、the more the better. relationship between doctors and patients、好行为的功能：reduce stress、keep health、improve work efficiency、slow down aging、enhance memory、relax the body表发现、追踪：detect、detection、find out参考、引用、专家建议according to、Experts、shows that、indicate、prove that、find that、reveal that、reach the conclusion that、give advices on 11 / 21Should a work team or team leader listen to team members?一边倒Should a work team or team leader listen to team members?Introduction：背景介绍+引出主题+陈述理由Body：1、can improve team performance2、bring different perspectives and ideas to the table3、make a sense of equality Conclusion：So my advice is+Nowadays, every work team facing many challenges in their work, and no one can solve all the problems alone. Some people insist that a brilliant team leader is required and should be given the power to take over the team. However, I think that a work team or a team leader should listens and considers ideas of all team members. Only when all the team members ideas be considered, can a team makes the best performance, deals with all their problems in the best way, and develops a sense of equality.First, a work team or a team leader should listen to all the team members because it will improve the performance of the team. If a team leader or supervisor takes all the perspectives and ideas into consider when he or she making decision, the team members would be more cooperative and the team would get more power. On the contrary, if a team leader or supervisor does not listen to the members, the team members will get dissatisfaction and contempt to the team. It will certainly hurt team morale and result in poor team performance. Take Liu Bang the first empire of the Chinese Han Dynasty for an instance, when the Chu-Han War first occur, his army was really weaker than his revival, but he eventually defeated his strong enemy and established the empire. All this contributed to the loyalty of the team members which result from that he was really glade to listen and consider all the perspectives and ideas of the team members.Second, listening and considering all members ideas can help a team find the best way to deal with their problems. As Confucius said, there must be a man who can help me even in a small team, no one leader can solve all problems, and when he has difference in one problem his colleagues may have experiences in that area. So if a work team or team leader was ready to look for ideas from the team members when they counter challenges in their way, they would be more likely to find the best way to deal with their differences.Finally, taking suggestions of all team members, no matter how silly or ill-informed the suggestions may be, will develop a sense of equality in the team. If the work team or team leader listens to the members, the staffs will that they have a friend in management, and feel equal among them. The sense of equality can really shorten the division between leader and team staffs.In conclusion, a work team or a team leader really need to listen and consider all team members ideas, because it will improve the team performance, help them find the best way to deals with all their problems, and develops a sense of equality.Should professor spend more time doing research or educating students?BalanceShould professor spend more time doing research or educating students?Introduction: a balance between doing research and educating students is necessary. Body: 1、 doing research +if not2、 educating students3、 balance 教学相长也Conclusion: Its a big problem for all university managers to schedule professors work. Some people think university professors should spend more time doing research whereas others argue that they should spend more time educating students. As far as I am concerned, a balance between doing research and educating students is necessary for all university professors. Only by doing so can a university acquires both academic reputation and students satisfaction.To begin with, university professors should be given enough time to do their research in order to improve the universitys academic reputation. We all know that doing scientific research will cost professors much time, hence, if a professor wants to acquire academic success he should be given enough time to concentrate himself totally on his research. On the contrary, if all the professors in a university have no time to do their research the academic power of the university would stay at low level. No students want to study in a university academic reputation.Second, its necessary for all university professors to keep themselves available to their students during teaching semester, only by so can students get necessary conduct. A student will really get dissatisfied if a professor is unavailable every time the student visits him. In fact, I have haired one of my friends complain his professor several times for he is so busy doing his research to conduct my friends paper. In addition, doing research and teaching students can really benefit each other a lot. As Confucius says that teaching benefits teachers as well as students. Because teaching is the best way to pass on a professor academic knowledge and experience to the students. On the other hand, the students ideas-no matter how immature they are-will certainly inspire a professor when he or she do his or her academic research.In a word, university managers should do their best to keep a balance when they schedule professors work of doing research and educating students. Only by doing so can a university acquires both academic reputation and the students satisfaction. 20 / 21一边倒Technology and science adviceIntroduction: 背景介绍+主题句+倒装句（文章大意）Body: 1、 未来难预测，曾经大言不惭的预言2、 许多问题等待科技进不来解决（疾病）3、 该实行的措施Conclusion: in a word, only by doing can we The technology and science have got tremendous improvement and highly improved peoples life in recent years. Therefore, some people argue that the most significant improvements have already been made although there will be some new technology and science advance. Personally speaking, this argument is ridiculous. One can never predict what will happen in the future, and there are still many problems threating peoples life which we cannot solve now. So only by making every effort to develop our technology and science can we have a better life.To begin with, one can never predict precisely what will happen in the future. In my opinion, there will be more significant advance in technology and science. So it is very important to stay hungry, stay foolish. I would like to say that someone said the same words during the industry revolution that there would be no significant technology and science advance in the future. Considering the tremendous technology and science advance after industry revolution, the argument sounds really ridiculous.Also, there are many problems that threatening our life and our society. For example, numerous people are dying from all kinds of disease which we have no solution to cure. Taking cancer for instance, scientists all over the word have done tremendous quantity of researches on it, but by now, we human still have no effective method to cure it. New technology and science advance is badly in need to save the peoples life. So rather than being satisfied with the present skills, wed better do our most to enhance the improvement of our technology and science. We should keep modest facing future. Children should be encouraged to read more technological or scientific books, and more young people should be encouraged to devote themselves to technological or scientific work. In addition, the government should grant more money in technological or scientific researches.In a word, there will be more significant advance in technology and science, and we should do our best to acquire it. Only by doing so can we have a better life.A course of culture in another country一边倒A course of culture in another countryDo you agree or disagree with that all university students should learn a course of culture in another country as well as his own country?Introduction: as the progress of .+the argument + my opinion + reasonsBody: 1、 gain a sense of the diversity of the world2、 understand deeper of our own culture3、 prepare better for our careerConclusion: as is discussed above, I suggest that only by doing so, can oneAs the progress of internationalization, all kinds of exchanges between countries have increased extensively in recent years. As a result, many people suggest that all university students should take a course of culture in another country. Many others, however, argue that its unnecessary to take a course of foreign culture and the course is only waste of time. As far as I am concerned, we university students should take the course of foreign culture because it helps us broaden our horizons, understand deeper of our own culture and prepare better for our careers.My main reason is that a course of the culture in another country will broaden our horizons. Most of us live only in our own country since childhood and know little about the life in other countries, the courses of the foreign culture will give us a view of the out world. For example, we may learn the food in Japanese, the religion in Europe and the custom in Indian. All those knowledge will give us a sense of the diversity of the