定语从句(9).doc

定语从句在主句中担任定语的从句叫做定语从句（attributive clause)。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。这种名词或代词叫做先行词（antecedent)。如：Time and time again there are serious accidents that pollute the air. 污染空气的严重事故屡屡发生。(先行词是不定代词accident)限定性定语从句限定性定语从句(restrictive clause)通常紧跟其先行词之后，不用逗号分开。在限定定语从句中，从句对先行词起限制作用，二者关系密切。如果没有从句，将会影响全局的意义。1.先行词代表人时，关联词由who, whom, whose, that担任。关系代词在从句中做主语时用who。He had some friends who worked in the office.他有几个朋友在那儿的办公室工作。关系代词在从句中作宾语时用whom（须置于从句之首), 用于书面语言。如：The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.你应该问的人就是鲍尔先生。关系代词在从句中作定语时用whose(须置于从句之首). 如：The couple whose photo I took at the party were very pleased with it. 对我在那次聚会上给那对夫妇拍的照片，他们很满意。Who也可替换whom在从句中作宾语。(尤其在口语中）如：Yesterday I ran into an old friend who I hadnt seen for years.昨天我碰见了一位多年未见的旧友。先行词代表人的时候，关联词也可用that担任。that可以替换who和whom, 在从句中作主语、宾语、和介词宾语，但不可替换whose作定语。如：Buy your food from shopkeeper that (who) are always busy. 你去那家生意兴隆的小店主那里买食品。The girl that (whom) we saw yesterday was Jims sister. 昨天我们看见的那个女孩是吉姆的妹妹。who, whom, that在从句中作宾语时通常省略。如：The girl he employs are always complaining about their pay. 他雇用的那些女孩总是对她们的报酬埋怨不已。总体来说，先行词表示人时，关系代词作主语时可用who或that (以who为多), 作宾语时则用who, whom, that或者省略。关系代词作介词宾语时可用who或that或省略，介词须置于从句之后。如：This is the girl I told you of the other day.这就是我那天跟你说起的那个女孩。书面语中多用whom, 但介词可置于从句之前，也可置于从句之后。如：The teacher from whom I learnt most was Mrs. Zhu. 使我从中获益最多的教师是朱太太。(介词前面）The hotel which we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable. 我们住的旅馆既便宜又舒适。如介词与动词已经组成短语动词，一般则需置于从句之后(与动词不分开）。如：The machine which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working well. 我保养了20年的这部机器仍运转良好。whose也可置于介词之后作定语，介词须置于从句之前。如：The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard the accident. 金先生工作的那个部门的头头听说出了那事故。2. 先行词表示物的时候，关联词由which或that担任。关系代词which和that在从句中可以作主语。如：He had many merchant ships which traded with other countries. 他有许多商船，与其他国家通商。关系代词which和that在从句中可以作宾语。如：It is used to record the tickets which passengers buy. 它用来记录旅客所买的机票。 （先行词是tickets, 关系代词which在从句中作宾语。关系代词which和that在从句中作宾语时经常省略。如：Is there anything else I can do for you?还有什么事我可以帮你吗？（先行词是anything,关联词that省略）关系代词which和that在从句中作介词宾语时，用法有些不同。which作介词宾语时介词既可置于从句之首(which紧跟其后), 也可置于从句之末(which置于从句之首), 但以置于句首较为正式。如：One subject to which country music often returns is “the good old days”.乡村音乐经常反复唱的一个主题就是“往昔美好的日子”。This is the book which you asked for. 这就是你要的书。如介词与动词已经组成短语动词，一般则需置于从句之后(与动词不分开）。如：Is this the watch which he was looking for?这是他正在找的那只手表吗？that作介词宾语时介词可置于从句之末。This is a book on the subject that you are interested in. 这是一本有关你感兴趣的题目的书。因此，只要介词置于从句之末，用which, that 省略均可。That is the exhibition (which/that) you should go to. 那个是你应该去看的展览。3. 先行词表示时间时，关联词由when担任。关系副词when在从句中作时间状语。如：This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema. 这发生在没有广播，电视或电影的那个时代。4. 先行词表示地方时，关联词由where担任。关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。如：Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life.今天，他们许多人都住在那些可以继续保留他们自己的生活方式的特别区域。5.先行词表示原因（只有reason一词）时，关联词由why担任。关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。先行词常省略。如：The reason why the accident occurred is still unknown. 事故发生的原因还不清楚。非限定性定语从句非限制性定语从句（nonrestrictive attributive clause)通常与其先行词用逗号分开，表示二者关系比较松散。1）先行词代表人时，关联词由who, whom, whose, that担任。关系代词在从句中做主语时用who。如：Martin Luther King, Jr. , who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, was an important political leader in the USA. 曾获得1964年诺贝尔和平奖的小马丁路德金，是美国一位重要的政治领袖。关系代词在从句中作宾语时用whom(须置于从句之首），有时也可用who代替。如：That man, whom I met yesterday, is a film director.昨天我遇见的那人是个电影导演。关系代词在从句中作定语时用whose（须置于从句之首）。如：My brother, whose arms had been broken by the police, was not taken to hospital. 我哥哥的两条胳膊被警察打断了，但是并没有被都送到医院。关系代词作介词宾语时可用whom，介词须置于从句之首。如：These papers belong to Bernard, with whom I am sharing a room. 这些文件属于伯纳德，我同他合住一个房间。whom 常用作of 属格的的宾语。如：About 2,000 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project.大约2000人为这项工程工作，其中许多是欧洲人。whose也可置于介词之后作of 属格宾语中的定语。如：I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before.我决定写卓别林，几年前我曾看过他的一部影片。 在非限制性定语从句中，先行词表示人时,关联词不能由that担任。另外，在从句中作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。2）先行词表示物时，关联词由which担任(that不能担任非限制性定语从句的关联词)关系代词which在从句中可以作主语。如： The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3,830 meters long. 这座世界上最大的水坝有3830米。关系代词which在从句中可以作宾语。如：And you lent me some money too, which I never repaid you.而你还借给我一些钱，我一直没有还你。关系代词which 在从句中可以作介词宾语，介词可以置于从句之首，也可置于从句之末。如：It was like stepping into a secret art museum, in which we were the only visitors. 那像是步入一座神秘的艺术博物馆，在里面我们是唯一的观众。which常用作of属格的宾语。如：North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air. 北岛以温泉地区闻名,其中一些能够把热水喷射到高空之中.3）先行词表示时间时, 关联词由when担任.关联副词when在从句中作时间状语。如：Agriculture first started about 10,000 years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. 农业最早产生于大约一万年前，那时在埃及的尼罗河流域以及在中东和印度，人们就开始种植作物了。4）先行词表示地方时，关联词where担任.关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。如:He returned to Dublin, where he formed his own pop group.他回到都柏林，在那儿他组建了他自己的流行歌曲演唱组。定语从句综合练习1. I threw down my book and crossed the room to _ .A. where she was sittingB. whatever she was sittingC. which she was sittingD. whichever she was sitting2. One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college _ . A. that do not belong thereB. which do not belong thereC. who do not belong thereD. as do not belong there3. Yesterday, _ had been expected, the government announced its intention to launch a public inquiry.A. it B. as C. which D. that4. The prize will go to _ the best essay.A. whichever of them writesB. whoever of them writesC. whichever of them who writesD. whoever of them that writes5. When deeply absorbed in work, _, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.A. such he often was B. so he often wasC. that he often was D. which he often was 6. The company has developed a new laptop computer _ will make it attractive to students.A. such low costs B. so low costs C. whose low costs D. the same low costs7. We shall take _ we think proper to cope with the situation.A. such measures B. what measuresC. same measures D. which measures 8. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cant agree with him?A. when B. where C. that D. which9. Have you fixed the time _ we are supposed to be at the airport tomorrow?A. that B. as C. why D. when10. She told me the reason _ before giving her approval.A. which she had hesitatedB. why she had hesitatedC. as she had hesitatedD. for she had hesitated 11. During the three weeks _ , he heard several times from Laura.A. that followed B. whatC. when D. as followed12. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly _ he had paid for it.A. that B. which C. what D. as13. When her own studying was done, she tried to read _ was not in use.A. which of his books B. what of his books C. whichever of his books D. whatever of his books 14. Thousands, _ were from the surrounding towns, came to watch the performance. A. of those many B. many of thoseC. of them many D. many of whom15. In his spare time he read _ he could get hold of.A. what few books B. which few booksD. such few books D. as few books16. He returned with tobacco , matches, and _ were needed.A. those previsions as B. the same previsions as C. such previsions as D. that previsions as 17. He then became involved in a row with the party chairman, _ he accused of lying.A. that B. as C. when D. whom18. Leave the whole thing to cool down for two hours, _ the spices should have thoroughly flavored the vinegar.A. by that time B. by such timeC. by which time D. by the same time19. There are five flights going to Chicago every day. I dont care which one we take. We can take _ fits in to your schedule.A. whichever one B. what oneC. the same one D. such one20. The result is that graduates cannot enter the professions _ and must take temporary jobs which do not require a college degree.A. for that they were trained B. for which they were trainedC. for these they were trainedD. for what they were trained21. Everything _ belongs to him is only worth a few pounds. A. that B. which C. what D. for which22. This is the most difficult book _ . A. what I have ever readB. which I have ever readC. I have ever read itD. that I have ever read23. There is no difficulty _ can prevent us from marching on. A. what B. which C. as D. that24. _ is announced in todays papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays. A. What B. That C. As D Which25. We did the same exercises _ they did last week. A. that B. which C. as D. what26. He never hesitates to make such criticisms _ are considered helpful to other.A. that B. as C. which D. what27. America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure _ it did before the West was settled.A. as B. what C. that D. which28. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A. on which to base B. which to base onC. to base on D. to be based on29. It is useful to be able to predict the extent _ which a price change will affect supply and demand.A. from B. with C. to D. for30. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A. with which B. of whichC. which D. for which31. The audience, _ enjoyed the performance.A. most of them were studentsB. they were mostly were studentsC. most of whom were studentsD. they themselves were students答案：1-5 C C B A D6-10 C B B D B1115 A C C D A1620 C D C A B2125 A D D C C2631 B A A