英语十大词性精讲精练.doc

英语词类精粹课标要求在考试中，词汇试题主要是考查学生掌握所学词汇的程度。它要求考生必须掌握课程标准所要求的词汇，尤其是重点词汇的语义和用法，以根据句意选择所给词的正确形式填空。1. 能熟练地运用基本拼读规则拼写单词，并能根据所学的构词法判断和记忆派生词和合成词的词形和词义。2. 学会使用1500-1600个单词和200-300个习惯用语或固定搭配，能够在实际语言环境中做到活学活用。3. 理解和领会词语的基本含义以及特定语境中的意义及用法。河南省2008-2010年中考词语运用考点分布：名词单复数代词数词介词连词形容词副词动词时态动词语态非谓语动词2008-2009221223241120102110011400合计4322243811英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。实词：有实在意义，在句子中能独立承担句子成分。实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓变化多端：1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who，she，you，it . 3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now，very，here，often，slowly. 虚词：没有多少实在意义，在句子中不能独立承担句子成分，虚词没有词形的变化：7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before .10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi名词（一）名词变复数：1规则名词复数形式： 在单数名词后加“s” day days week weeks 2在以 o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加“es”。 hero heroes box boxes 3黄金重点：I有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。 II以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加“s”。 piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco 教你一招 如果以O结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。 4以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es” family families city cities 5y前面是元音字母只加“s” key keys boy boys 6以f、fe结尾的名词，变 f / fe为 v加 es。 knife knives （二）不规则名词复数形式：1. foot feet ，mouse mice ，goose geese ，child children ，woman women ，man men 2单复数同形： sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, （三）复合名词复数形式：1中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：bookshelfbookshelves handfulhandfuls 2man和 woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。 woman teacherwomen teachers 3中间有连字符的合成次，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：sister-in-lawsisters-in-law（四）名词所有格1在大多数名词末加“s” the boys toy, mens work 2以 s结尾的复数名词直接加“” the students reading room 3以 s结尾的单数名词加“” Dickens novels the actress performance 4合成名词在最后一个词上加“s” her brother-in-laws piano. 【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中：an hours drive, a miles journey ten pounds weight. Beijings weather at ones wits end 智穷计尽 to ones hearts content 尽情地 by a hairs breadth 千钧一发 5双重所有格： a friend of mine （名词性物主代词） a child of hers测试精编：1. Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A. shoes store B. shoes store C. shoe store D. shoes store 2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a _ bill. A. ten-dollar B. ten-dollars C. tens-dollar D. ten-dollars 3. Recently, he has lost all his _ at cards. A. wage and saving B. wages and saving C. wage and savings D. wages and savings 4. I want _ . A. a dollar worth candy B. candy a dollars worth C. a dollars worth of candy D. a dollar worths candy 5.The surroundings a child grows up in usually _ an effect on his development. A. have B. had C. do D. has 真题演练：( ) 1.（广州）The letter from my uncle was short. There wasnt news. A. many B. a few C. much D. few ( ) 2.（山东威海）-Why didnt you take a taxi back last night?-Because I didnt have any _ with me.A. food B. bicycle C. friend D. money ( ) 3.（四川成都）John always says that he likes apples of all the _ .A. vegetables B. fruits C. drinks ( ) 4.（江西）-You look worried. Whats your _ ?-I have trouble learning English.A. name B. question C. problem D. job ( ) 5.（江苏南京）-Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?-Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A. choice B. decision C. reason D. information ( ) 6.（河南）I like _ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. A. fish B. butter C. potatoes D. noodles名词单数变复数练习写出下列名词复数leaf_ box_ wolf_ fly_ fox_ bus_ bench_ brush_ kiss_ church_ dish_ ruler_ peach_ glass_ pencil_ boy_ zoo_ man_用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空：1There are so many_(wolf)in the forest.2There are three _(chair) in the classroom.3These _(tomato) are red. 4_(hero) are great.5My brother looks after two _(baby)冠词（一）、不定冠词的用法1.表示one, the same, every They are of an age. 2.用在物质、抽象名词前，表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”3.用于某人姓名前，表示“某个名叫的人”；用于星期中的某一天的名称前，表示“某星期几” He died on a Sunday.A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.4.不定冠词的特殊位置：What/such/rather a(an) +(adj.)+单数名词How/so/as/too/ however + adj.+ a/an单数名词Many a(an) +单数名词 许多Not a(an) +单数名词 不止一个What a clever boy he is! = How clever a boy he is!Many a young man wants to learn English.5.用在某些固定词组中：Have a swim/talk/walk/, have a cold, have a good time, once upon a time, do sb. a favor（二）、.定冠词的用法1. 双方已知，上文已提（特指）Who invented the telephone?2. 世上独一无二3. adj最高级及序数词前the first, the tallest, the taller of the two boys4. the+adj 表一类人the blind the rich5. the+姓氏s 表一家人The Greens are at table.6. 西洋乐器He plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano.7. 方向The windows face to the south.8. 固定习惯用语In the morning, in the end, in the least, in the distance, in the way, on the whole, on the other hand, at the same time, at the moment, go to the cinema/theatre, go to the doctors, （三）、零冠词的用法1、一日三餐、一年四季、节假日Spring comes after winter. They came to Beijing in the winter of 2004.2.球类、棋类运动 play basketball, play chess3.人名、地名、国家、语言等 Hailie, Asia, Beijing, Chinese4.固定短语 day and night, hand in hand, at noon / night/ midnight, watch TV/ on TV ( ) 1.（甘肃兰州）Theres _800-metre-long road behind _hospital.A. an, an B. a, a C. an, the D. a, the( ) 2.（广州）After school we usually play basketball for half an hour on playground. A. the; the B. 不填;不填 C. 不填; the D. the;不填( ) 3.（河北）I really like _ book you lent me yesterday.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 4.（山东威海）Jimmy bought _ car yesterday, but its _ used one.A. a; a B. a; an C. a; the D. the; an( ) 5.（山东烟台）What _ exciting news it is! Is _ news true?A. an; the B. an; a C. /; the D. /; a( ) 6.（四川成都）-I just have _ cup of milk for _ breakfast.-Thats not enough.A. a; a B. the; the C. a; 不填( ) 7.（江苏南京）Sandy often takes her dog for _ walk around the lake after supper.A. a B. an C. the D. 不填( ) 8.（湖南娄底）Why do you like Mary?Because she is honest girl. A. a B. an C. the( ) 9.（江苏宿迁）.Whos _ young man with long hair?Hes a friend of mine.A. aB. theC. anD. his( ) 10.（湖北孝感）In Nanjing, we stayed at a very nice hotel. But I cant remember_ name of it. A. the B. a C. an D. / ( ) 11.（江苏无锡）Its not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break.A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a( ) 12.（陕西绥德）On _ sunny afternoon, my parents and I had a good time on the beach.A. the B. an C. a D. / ( ) 13.（福建漳州）-What _ sweet music! Do you know who wrote it?-Beethoven, I think.A. / B. a C. an D. the形容词、副词比较级和最高级比较级构成方式：Aadj / adv + er / est poorpoorerpoorest fastfasterfastest B词尾e + r / st largelargerlargest finefinerfinest C重读闭音节中短元音 + 辅音词尾双写辅音词尾 + er / est. bigbiggerbiggest D辅音 + yi + er / est drydrierdriest angryangrierangriest E多音节形容词及副词： more + adj / adv most + adj / adv F不规则变化： good / wellbetterbest bad / illworseworst many / muchmoremost littlelessleast 【用法示例】 比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：（1） . The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing. . My Schoolbag is larger than hers.（2） . It is getting colder and colder. . She is becoming more and more beautiful. 笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由 and连在一起，表示“越来越”（3） . The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be. . The earlier we start, the sooner well get there. 笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越越”（4） . I prefer the cheaper one of the two books. . Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer. 笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the cleverest. 最高级构成方式： 三者或三者以上进行比较，“the + 形容词 / 副词est”。(1) John is the tallest of the three. This is the most difficult book Ive read. (2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级） 副词u 时间副词: soon, then, today, tomorrow, afterwards , nowu 地点副词: here, thereu 程度副词: very, quite, ratheru 方式副词: beautifully, reluctantly, wellu 频度副词: often , frequently, alwaysn位置与功能1. 时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday. 2. 表频率的时间副词是中考的热点always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之 后。He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.3. 程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.注：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)He can see a bird is flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）测试精编1. She is _ than _ . A. busier / us B. busier / we C. more busy / us D. more busy / we 2. Jane is _ than Betty. A. less taller B. less tallest C. less tall D. not as tall 3. Johns record was not so good as _ in his team. A. all the players B.any players C. other players D. any other players 4. China is _ country in the world. A. the third largest B. the largest third C. the third large D. a third largest 5. Shanghai has a larger population than _ in china. A. any city B. all the cities C. any other city D. all other cities 用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：61. The window is _ (narrow) of the two. 2. Where is the _ (near) bus-stop? 3. He is one of _ (famous) Politicians. 4. Do you have any _ (far) questions to ask? 5. Tom drives much _ (careful) than John. ( ) 1.Now the air in our city is _ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it. （甘肃兰州）A. very good B. much better C. rather bad D. even worse( ) 2.We love to go to the country in spring as the flowers smell so . A. well B. nice C. wonderfully D. nicely( ) 3.Oh. Im hungry. Mum, can I have the hamburger on the plate?No. It tastes . （山东淄博）A. terriblyB. terribleC. goodD. well( ) 4.What do you think of your English teacher? （山东淄博）I love her. She is really . She always has a smile on her face.A. outgoingB. funnyC. friendlyD. serious( ) 5.Tim, do you think time is money? （山东淄博）Yes, but I think it is money.A. more important than B. very important asC. the same as D. not important as( ) 6.We are not certain if it will be fine tomorrow. （四川成都）A. exact B. convincing C. sure ( ) 7.It is not so _ as yesterday, so there are _ people sitting in the square. （四川成都）A. cold, fewer B. warm, more C. cold, more( ) 8.-How about the dishes? （江西）-Fantastic! Nothing tastes _ .A. nice B. better C. terrible D. worse( ) 9.Helen, can I wear jeans and a T-