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10 桥式起重机 电磁 制动 机构 装配 设计

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10T桥式起重机电磁制动机构装配设计,10,桥式起重机,电磁,制动,机构,装配,设计

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无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 42 - 毕业设计（论文） 毕业设计 (论文 )外文资料翻译 原文 原文题目 数控技术的发展 与 维修 原文 来源 中国 机械 CAD 论坛 系 别 机械系 专 业 数控设备的应用与维护 班 级 数控设备 11033 姓 名 张文聪 指导教师 薛锦忠 2013年 2 月 28日 nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 43 - Development and maintenance of CNC technology Numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge enabling technology, industry and the most basic equipment. The world information industry, biological industry, aviation, aerospace and other defense industry widely used numerical techniques to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the adaptability of the market and competitiveness. Industrial countries and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in sophisticated technology and equipment, numerical control key aspects of the policy of closures and restrictions. Therefore, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the worlds developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood. The N C system consists of the following components： data input， the tape reader with the control unit， feedback devices， and the metalcutting machine tool or other type of N C equipment Data input， also called“mantocontrol link”， may be provided to the machine tool manually， or entirely by automatic means Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons， switches， or thumbwheel selectors These are located on a console near the machine Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer In most cases， pushbuttons，switches， and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devices Manual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operation It is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone， where， as each digit is dialed， it is stored When the entire number has been dialed， the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed Silicon photo diodes， located in the tape reader head on the control unit， detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape The light beams are nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 44 - converted to electrical energy， which is amplified to further strengthen the signal The signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives Part I: the development of CNC machine tools trends in individual 1. High speed, high accuracy, high reliability 2. Composite 3. Intelligent 4. Flexible, integrated Second, personalization is the adaptability of the market trends Todays market, gradually formed the pattern of international cooperation, the products becoming more competitive, efficient and accurate processing of the escalating demand means, the users individual requirements become increasingly strong, professional, specialization, more and more high-tech machine tools by the users of all ages. Third, the open architecture trend is The core of a new generation of CNC system development is open. Open software platform and hardware platforms are open systems, modular, hierarchical structure, and through out the form to provide a unified application interface. CNC system to address the closure of the traditional CNC applications and industrial production problems. At present, many countries of open CNC system, CNC system has become an open numerical control system of the future of the road. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is nearly two years of a new focus. Part II: Machine Maintenance CNC machine tools is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, gas combination of complex equipment, though the reasons for failure vary, but the failure occurred, the general idea of the steps are the same. Fails, Spindle start below to stop immediately after the fault diagnosis of CNC machine tools as an example the general process. First, the fault-site investigation. The survey content includes 1, 2 types of failure, the failure frequency of 3, 4, external conditions, the operating conditions 5, 6, machine conditions, the functioning of 7, wiring between machine tools and systems 8, CNC equipment visual inspection. After an investigation, such failure is spindle class failure, only once, outside of all normal, the operator of a boot to reflect this situation. nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 45 - Second, the fault information collation, analysis. For some simple fault, because not a lot of time, the method can be used form of logical reasoning, analysis, identification and troubleshooting. Third, conduct fault diagnosis and troubleshooting. Diagnosis usually follows the following principles: 1, after the first outside inside. 2, the first after the electrical machinery. 3, after the first static dynamic. 4, after the first simple and complex. CNC machine tools in the fault detection process, should make full use of numerical control system self-diagnostic features to be judged, but also flexibility in the use of some common troubleshooting methods. Troubleshooting common methods are: 1. Routine examination method Routine examination method is mainly of hands, eyes, ears, nose and other organs of the fault occurrence of various light, sound, smell and abnormal observations and careful look at every system, follow the first post outside of the principle of fault diagnosis by looking, listening, smelling, asking, mold and so on, from outside to inside one by one check, the fault can often be narrowed down to a module or a printed circuit board. 2. Self-diagnostic function method Modern CNC system has yet to achieve a high degree of intelligence. But already has a strong self-diagnostic function. CNC ready to monitor the hardware and software is working. Once the abnormal, immediately displayed on the CRT alarm or fault LEDs indicate the approximate cause. 3. Functional program testing method So-called functional program testing method is commonly used in the numerical control system functions and special features, such as linear positioning, circular interpolation, helical cut, fixed cycle, such as the user macro programming by hand or automatic programming methods, the preparation of test procedures into a functional program , into the numerical control system, and then start the CNC system to make it run, to check the im time the first boot of CNC whether a programming error or operational error or machine 4. Spare parts substitution Spare parts replacement method is a simple method to determine the scene is one of the most commonly used. The so-called spare substitution is generally the cause of failure in the analysis of the case, maintenance personnel can use the alternate PCB, templates, integrated circuit chip or replace the questionable parts of components, which narrowed the fault to a printed circuit board or chip level. It is actually in the verification analysis is correct. However, before switching the standby board should carefully check the spare board is intact, and should check the status of reserve board should be fully consistent with the original board the state. 5. Transfer Act The so-called transfer method is to have the same numerical control system features two printed circuit boards, templates, integrated circuit chips or components to exchange, observed failure phenomena be transferred. In this way, the system can nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 46 - quickly determine the fault position. This method is actually a kind of spare parts substitution. Therefore, the considerations described in the same spare parts substitution. 6. Parameter check method Known parameters can directly affect the numerical performance of CNC machine tools. Parameters are usually stored in the magnetic bubble memory, or stored in batteries to be maintained by the CMOS RAM, once the battery is low or because of outside interference and other factors, some parameters will be lost or change in chaos, so that the machine does not work. At this point, through the proofreading, correction parameters, will be able to troubleshoot. 7. Measurement of Comparative Law CNC system in the design of printed circuit board manufacturing plant, in order to adjust, repair facilities, in the printed circuit board designed a number of test terminals. Users can also use normal printed circuit board terminals comparing the measured and the difference between the printed circuit board failure. These terminals can detect the voltage and waveform measurements, analyze the causes of failure and failure location. Even on a normal printed circuit board can sometimes artificially create fault, such as broken connection or short circuit, unplug the components, in order to determine the real cause of failure. Therefore, maintenance personnel should be in the usual accumulation of key parts of the printed circuit board or failure-prone parts of the right in the normal waveform and voltage values. Because the CNC system manufacturer often does not provide the information in this regard. Based on the above principles and methods, we may be itemized on the check it and eliminate the causes. The first possible failure for the system output pulse time is not enough, we adjust the M-code system, start the spindle output time, found the problem still exists, and then find the next possible cause may be in the drive to move the state, refer to the manual drive , set parameters start the spindle, the problem still exists we suspected spindle motor short-circuit, resulting in thermal relay protection. Then find the cause of the short, so that the spindle thermal relay reset the start and found that the normal operation of the spindle, the problem solved. Fourth, do a lessons learned and recorded. After troubleshooting, repair work can not be considered complete, still need technical and management aspects of the underlying causes of failure have to take appropriate measures to prevent failures from happening again. Under field conditions when necessary use of mature technologies to transform and improve the equipment. Finally, the failure of the maintenance of the phenomenon, cause analysis, resolution process, the replacement of components, legacy, etc. to make a record. nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 47 - 毕业设计（论文） 毕业设计 (论文 )外文资料翻译 译文 原文题目 数控技术的发展 与 维修 原文 来源 中国 机械 CAD 论坛 系 别 机械系 专 业 数控设备的应用与维护 班 级 数控设备 11033 姓 名 张文聪 指导教师 薛锦忠 2013年 2 月 28日 nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 48 - 数控技术的发展与维修 数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技 术产业和尖端工业的使能技术和最基本的装备。世界各国信息产业、生物产业、航空、航天等国防工业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对市场的适应能力和竞争能力。工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅大力发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在 高精尖 数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。因此大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。 数控系统由下列组件组成：数据输入装置，带控制单元的磁带阅读机，反馈装置和切削机床或其 他形式的数控设备。 数据输人装置，也称 “ 人机联系装置 ” ，可用人工或全自动方法向机床提供数据。人工方法作为输人数据唯一方法时，只限于少量输入。人工输入装置有键盘，拨号盘，按钮，开关或拨轮选择开关，这些都位于机床附近的一个控制台上。拨号盘通常连到一个同步解析器或电位计的模拟装置上。在大多数情况下，按钮、开关和其他类似的旋钮是数据输入元件。人工输入需要操作者控制每个操作，这是一个既慢又单调的过程，除了简单加工场合或特殊情况，已很少使用。 虽然纸带上的数据是自动进给的，但实际编程却是手工完成的，在编码纸带做好前 ，编程者经常要和一个计划人员或工艺工程师一起工作，选择合适的数控机床，决定加工材料，计算切削速度和进给速度，决定所需刀具类型，仔细阅读零件图上尺寸，定下合适的程序开始的零参考点，然后写出程序清单，其上记载有描述加工顺序的编码数控指令，机床按顺序加工工件到图样要求。 控制单元接受和储存编码数据，直至形成一个完整的信息程序块，然后解释数控指令，并引导机床得到所需运动。 为更好理解控制单元的作用，可将它与拨号电话进行比较，即每拨一个数字，就储存一个，当整个数字拨好后，电话就被激活，也就完成了呼叫。 装在控制单元里 的纸带阅读机，通过其内的硅光二极管，检测到穿过移动纸带上的孔漏过的光线，将光束转变成电能，并通过放大来进一步加强信号，然后将信号送到控制单元里的寄存器，由它将动作信号传到机床驱动装置。 最初的数控系统采用开环系统。在开、闭环两种系统中，闭环更精确，一般说来更昂贵。起初，因为原先传统的步进电动机的功率限制，开环系统几乎全部用于轻加工场合，最近出现的电液步进电动机已越来越多地用于较重的加工领域 nts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 49 - 第一部分：数控机床 个性化的发展趋势 1.高速化、高精度化、高可靠性 2.复合化 3.智能化 4.柔性化、集成化 二 、个性化是市场适应性发展趋势 当今的市场，国际合作的格局逐渐形成，产品竞争日趋激烈，高效率、高精度加工手段的需求在不断升级，用户的个性化要求日趋强烈，专业化、专用化、高科技的机床越来越得到用户的青睐。 三、开放性是体系结构的发展趋势 新一代数控系统的开发核心是开放性。开放性有软件平台和硬件平台的开放式系统，采用模块化，层次化的结构，并通过形式向外提供统一的应用程序接口。 为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究， 数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未 来之路。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。网络化数控装备是近两年的一个新的焦点。 第二部分：机床的维修 数控机床是机、电、液、气相结合的复杂设备，尽管故障原因各不相同，但在故障发生后，大体的思路步骤是相同的。发生故障后，下面以数控车床主轴启动后立即停止为例说明数控机床故障诊断的一般过程。 一、进行故障现场调查。调查的内容包括 1、故障的种类 2、故障的频繁程度 3、外界状况 4、有关操作情况 5、机床情况 6、运转情况 7、机床和系统之间接线情况 8、 CNC 装置的外观检查。经过调查，该类故障属于主轴类故障，只出现过一次，外界一切正常，操作人员反映一开机就出现这种情况。 二、进行故障信息整理、分析。对于一些简单的故障，原因不是很多时，可采用形式逻辑推理的方法，分析、确定和排除故障。 三、进行故障诊断与排除。 故障诊断一般遵循以下几个原则： 1、先外部后内部。 2、先机械后电气 3、先静态后动态。 4、先简单后复杂 数控机床在故障检测过程中，应充分利用数控系统的自诊断功能来进行判断，同时还要灵活运用故障检查的一些常用方法。常见的故障检查 方法有： 1.常规检查法 常规检查法主要是利用人的手、眼、耳、鼻等器官对故障发生时的各种光、声、味等异常现象的观察以及认真察看系统的每一处，遵循“先外后内”的原则，诊断故障采用望、听、嗅、问、模等方法，由外向内逐一检查，往往可将故障范围缩小到一个模块或一块印刷线路板。 2.自诊断功能法 现代的数控系统虽然尚未达到智能化很高的程度 .但已经具备了较强的自诊断功能。能随时监视数控系统的硬件和软件的工作状况。一旦发现异常，立即在 CRTnts无锡职业技术学院 机械学院毕业设计 - 50 - 上显示报警信息或用发光二极管指示出故障的大致起因。 3.功能程序测试法 所谓 功能程序测试法就是将数控系统的常用功能和特殊功能，如直线定位、圆弧插补、螺旋切削、固定循环、用户宏程序等用手工编程或自动编程方法，编制成一个功能程序测试程序，送入数控系统中，然后启动数控系统使之运行，借以检查机床执行这些功能的淮确性和可靠性，进而判断出故障发生的可能起因。 4.备件替换法 备件替换法是一种简单易行的方法，也是现场判断时最常用的方法之一。所谓备件替换法就是在分析故障大致起因的情况下，维修人员可以利用备用的印刷线路板、模板，集成电路芯片或元器件替换有疑点的部分，从而把故障范围缩小到印刷线路板或 芯片一级。它实际上也是在验证分析的正确性。但在备用板交换之前，应仔细检查备用板是否完好，并应检查备用板的状态应与原板状态完全一致。 5.转移法 所谓转移法就是将数控系统中具有相同功能的两块印刷线路板、模板、集成电路芯片或元器件互相交换，观察故障现象是否随之转移。借此，可迅速确定系统的故障部位。这个方法实际上就是备件替换法的一种。因此，有关注意事项同备件替换法所述。 6.参数检查法 众所周知，数控参数能直接影响数控机床的性能。参数通常是存放在磁泡存储器或存放在需由电池保持的 CMOS RAM 中，一旦电池不 足或由于外界的干扰等因素，会使个别参数丢失或变化，发生混乱，使机床无法正常工作。此时，通过校对、修正参数，就能将故障排除。 7.测量比较法 数控系统生产厂在设计印刷线路板时，为了调整、维修的便利，在印刷线路板上设计了多个检测端子。用户也可利用这些端子比较测量正常的印刷线路板和有故障的印刷线路板之间的差异。可以检测这些测量端子的电压和波形，分析故障的起因和故障的所在位置。甚至，有时还可对正常的印刷线路板人为地制造“故障”，如断开连线或短路、拔去组件等，以判断真实故障的起因。为此，维修人员应在平时积累印刷线 路板上关键部位或易出故障部位在正常时的正确波形和电压值。因为数控系统生产厂往往不提供有关这方面的资料。 根据上面的原则和方法，我们逐项对可能出现的原因进行查探并排除。 第一个可能故障为系统输出的脉冲时间不够，我们调整系统的 M 代码输出时间后启动主轴，发现问题仍然存在，接着查找下一可能原因，变频器可能处于点动状态，参阅变频器的使用说明书，设置好参数后启动主轴，问题仍然存在我们怀疑是主轴电机短路，造成热继电器保护。于是查找短路原因，使热继电器复位后启动主轴，发现主轴正常运转，问题解决。 要做一个经验总结和记录。 故障排除以后，维修工作还不能算完成，尚需从技术与管理两方面分析故障产生的深层原因，采取适当措施避免故障再次发生。必要时可根据现场条件使用成熟技术对设备进行改造与改进。最后，对此次维修的故障现象、原因分析、解决过程、更换元件、遗留问题等要做好记录。 ntsI 无锡职业技术学院（论文） 开 题 报 告 （ 2013 届） 题 目 10T 桥式起重机电磁制动机构装配设计 指导教师 薛锦忠 院 系 机械技术系 班 级 数控设备 11033 学 号 1060103336 姓 名 张文聪 二一三 年 二 月 二十 八 日 ntsII 10T 桥式起重机电磁制动机构装配设计 1.课题研究的目的和意义 课题调研是我们深入生产实践、科学实践而取得感性认识 ， 从中了解工业生产的整个过程 ， 了解从设计到施工、管理以及新技术、新设备的应用 ， 结合所学过的理论知识 ， 使认识向深化发展 。 这种理论与实践的紧密结合才能完成调查研究任务 。 因此 ， 调查研究的目的就在于使学生围绕毕业设计 (论文 )课题进一步了解与之有关的实际知识和进行资料的收集 ， 为解决课题任务提供必要的条件 。 （ 1） 了解课题研究的对象及生产、科研的实际 丰 富生产实践知识 ， 巩固和加深所学的理论知识 ， 深入了解机械产品生产的全过程及最新科学技术在机械制造业中的应用 ， 接触所研究的生产技术问题 ， 了解生产的组织管理、土产的运输及产品销售情况 ， 了解企业与研究院所深化改革的情况 ， 尤其要 了解 产品服务对象对产品的各项要求 。 （ 2） 加强理论联系实际 ， 巩固所学知识 把生产中的机械加上设备、工艺与所学的理论知识相互联系进行分析 ， 并加以深化有利于了解课题 。 理论的原则化与生产实际的具体化、复杂化 ， 只有在深入实际的过程中 才能深刻地理解和认识 ， 才能真正体会到理论联系实际的必要性 ， 才能认识到在学校学过的许多知识与解决实际生产问题还有很大的差距 ， 而缩短差距的方法只有到实践中去 。 （ 3） 培养深入实际调查研究的作风 ， 提高工程技术素质 学生长期生活在学校 ， 所处的环境有很大的局限性 ， 这就需要从多方面来观察问题 ， 从各个角度来认识问题 。 因而 ， 学生要到工人和技术人员中去 ， 多听第 线人员的意见 ， 把意见和建议集中起来 ， 这样才有利于进行综合、比较 ， 找出主要矛盾 。 深入实际 ， 与工人、技术人员相结合 ， 建立共同的思想基础 ， 以