英语试题汇总(答案).doc

1 综述Overview 炭化charring 非炭化Non charring 机理mechanism analysis 1 翻译如下短语和论文标题 翻译如下短语和论文标题 1 短语 热解与着火的动力学行为 kinetic behavior of pyrolysis and ignition 2 短语 城市火灾的危害性预测与风险评估 hazard prediction and risk assessment of urban fires 3 短语 腔室建筑中的机械排烟系统 smoke extracting system in the compartment buildings 4 短语 野火三角中燃料 地形和天气之间的相互作用 interactions among the fuel terrain and weather in a wild fire triangle 5 短语 坡度和风对火灾发展的影响 influence of the slope and wind on the fire growth 6 标题 细水雾对油池火影响机制的实验与数值研究 experimental and simulating study of the suppression mechanism of water mist on pool fire 7 标题 过去 20 年中国建筑火灾的统计分析 statistical analysis of Chinese building fires in the past 20 years 8 标题 高层建筑中的人员疏散与火灾安全设计 理论模拟 pedestrian evacuation and fire safety design in high buildings theoretical simulation 9 标题 火诱导的温度场和速度场的机理分析 mechanism analysis of the temperature field and velocity field induced by fire 10 标题 火灾信号特征在研制火灾探测器方面的应用 application of the characteristics of fire signals in the development of fire detectors 11 短语 火灾安全科学与消防工程 fire safety science and fire protection engineering 12 短语 利用多信号报警的火灾探测系统 Fire detection system using multi signals alarm 13 短语 有焰和无焰燃烧的动力学行为 kinetics behavior of flame and flameless combustion 14 短语 热量释放速率和火蔓延速度 Heat release rate and fire spreading velocity 2 15 短语 火诱导的温度场和速度场 temperature field and velocity field induced by fire 16 标题 火灾人员疏散的理论与实验研究 Theoretical and experimental study of the human evacuation in fires 17 标题 火灾抑制和扑救技术的发展 回顾与展望 development of fire suppression and fighting technology review and prospect 18 标题 野火中垂直火旋风的理论分析与数值模拟 Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the vertical fire whirl in the wild fires 19 标题 中国建筑火灾中轰燃和回燃的统计调查 Statistical survey of the flashover and backdraft of building fires in China 20 标题 野火三角中燃料 地形和天气三因子之间相互作用的机理分析 Mechanism analysis of the interactions among the fuel terrain and weather in a wild fire triangle 21 燃料类型对自发着火动力学行为的影响 实验研究 Influence of fuel type on the spontaneous ignition dynamical behavior Experimental Study 22 大尺度池火诱导的速度场和温度场理论分析 theoretical analysis of velocity field and temperature field induced by Large scale pool fire 23 坡度和风速对地表火蔓延中火焰高度和长度所起的作用 理论分析与测量 The role of slope and wind velocity on the flame height and length in the ground fire theoretical analysis and measurement 24 野火中垂直火旋风的热释放速率和燃烧速率 heat release rate and burning rate of the vertical fire whirl in the wild fires 25 易燃和可燃材料着火温度的特征分析 characteristics analysis of the ignition temperature of the flammable and Combustible marterial 26 建筑腔室火灾中的轰燃与回燃动力学 非线性数值模拟 Dynamic of flashover and backdraft in Building compartment fire non linear numerical simulation 27 自动火灾探测与报警系统对人员疏散的作用的统计性分析 statistical analysis of the role of automatic fire alarm system in personnel evacuation 28 关于炭化和非炭化材料热解化学反应动力学的综述 Overview about the decomposition Chemical reaction dynamics of the charring and non charring material 29 火的燃烧与其诱导流动之间的相互作用机理 3 mechanism analysis of the interaction between the fire combustion and induced flow 30 分区模拟方法在建筑火灾烟气运动研究中的应用 application of zone modeling in the study of the smoke movement of building fires 1 The importance of flashover results from the fact that it is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs 翻译成中文 并且用表达因果关系的两种不同方式改写 翻译成中文 并且用表达因果关系的两种不同方式改写 轰燃的重要性源自其在腔室火发生时的重大危害 轰燃的重要性源自其在腔室火发生时的重大危害 Flashover is of importance because it is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs Flashover is important due to its great danger in a compartment fire The fact that the flashover is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs makes it of great importance 2 A good way to conduct the fire risk assessment is to utilize the simulation based analysis with experimental verification 1 1 翻译成中文 注意把握专业英语的翻译成中文 注意把握专业英语的 ABCABC 原则 原则 2 用表达用表达 手段手段 的两种其他方式改写 的两种其他方式改写 火灾风险评估的科学方法是将模拟分析和实验验证结合起来 火灾风险评估的科学方法是将模拟分析和实验验证结合起来 Simulation based analysis and experimental verification should be utilized in the conduction of fire risk assessment Fire risk assessment should combine the simulation based analysis and experimental verification together 2 10 分 标题 Title 在一篇学术论文中起着重要的作用 1 简述学术论文的简述学术论文的 ABCABC 原则 原则 2 分 简述论文标题的作用以及好的论文标题的标准 简述论文标题的作用以及好的论文标题的标准 2 分 Accuracy 准确 Brevity 简洁 Clarity 清晰 标题的作用 1 概括全文 2 便于检索索引 2 冒号分隔的标题对读者往往可以起到一目了然的作用 让读者清楚地看到论文的主题 Topic 和面向该主题所论述的重点 请在理解的基础上把以下标题转变为冒号分隔式标题请在理解的基础上把以下标题转变为冒号分隔式标题 a a Uses and Limitations of Computer Models in Structural Fire Protection Engineering Applications 3 分 Applications of Computer Models in Structural Fire Protection Engineering Uses and Limitations b b Experimental Measurements of Upward Flame Spread on a Vertical Wall With External Radiation 3 分 Upward Flame Spread on a Vertical Wall With External Radiation Experimental Measurements 3 常见的论文标题大致可分为两类 a 用汉语简述通常的两类标题的基本组成 并指出以下标题用汉语简述通常的两类标题的基本组成 并指出以下标题 4 属于哪一类 属于哪一类 4 分 第一类只交代课题 第二类交代课题和研究方法 b 将以下标题翻译成中文 注意把握专业英语将以下标题翻译成中文 注意把握专业英语 ABCABC 原则 原则 4 分 c 将以下标题改写为冒号分将以下标题改写为冒号分 隔式标题隔式标题 4 分 c c An Apparatus to Measure the Pyrolysis Mass Loss and Ignition Temperature for the Flammability of Solids 一种基于固体燃烧性而测量热解质量损失和着火温度的仪器 For the Flammability of Solids An Apparatus to Measure the Pyrolysis Mass Loss and Ignition Temperature d d Numerical Modeling of the Interaction between Automatic Sprinkler Sprays and Fire Plumes 自动水喷淋和火羽流之间相互作用的数值模拟 Interaction between Automatic Sprinkler Sprays and Fire Plumes Numerical Modeling 3 15 分 专业英语论文的引言部分或科技演讲的开头部分通常会对论文的层次结构 组织方式 作 表述 以方便读者或听众理解全文的结构 以下是一篇论文的层次结构提纲 请请基于请基于 避免重复原则避免重复原则 用英语写出一段话 表达如下的层次结构 用英语写出一段话 表达如下的层次结构 Section1 Background of research in flashover Section2 Experimental and theoretical analysis method for flashover research Section3 Comparison of model prediction with experimental results Section4 Conclusion 4 10 分 以下句子中涉及到表述研究 手段 的表达方法 A good way to conduct the fire risk assessment is to utilize the simulation based analysis with experimental verification 请用表达请用表达 手段手段 的两种其他方式改写 的两种其他方式改写 WeWe conductconduct a a firefire riskrisk assessmentassessment withwith thethe helphelp ofof thethe simulation basedsimulation based analysisanalysis withwith experimentalexperimental verification verification AnAn alternativealternative opproachopproach toto conductconduct thethe firefire riskrisk assessmentassessment isis toto utilizeutilize thethe simulation basedsimulation based analysisanalysis withwith experimentalexperimental verification verification 5 20 分 科学论文的 ABSTRACT 基本上包括以下几个部分 1 研究工作的背景 Background 2 研究目的 Aim 5 3 研究方法 Method 4 研究的结果 Results 5 结论 Conclusion 论文摘要中通常还包括所谓的 主题句主题句 即概述论文全文内容的句子 下面这篇论文是关于木材小型点火实验及理论方程的研究 因考试目的 以下论文材料有删节 1 1 在理解的基础上翻译本文的在理解的基础上翻译本文的 TitleTitle 和和 AbstractAbstract 注意把握 注意把握 ABCABC 准则 准则 1010 分 分 2 2 直接在考卷上指明本文的直接在考卷上指明本文的 AbstractAbstract 中 对应以上中 对应以上 5 5 个部分的句子 个部分的句子 5 5 分 分 3 3 指出本篇指出本篇 AbstractAbstract 中的主题句 并用中的主题句 并用 2 2 种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主题句 种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主题句 5 5 分 分 A A NewNew CorrelationCorrelation forfor Bench scaleBench scale 小型小型 PilotedPiloted IgnitionIgnition 引导点火引导点火 DataData ofof WoodWood 木材小型引导点火数据中的一种新相关性木材小型引导点火数据中的一种新相关性 B Moghtaderia V Novozhilova D F Fletcherb and J H Kenta a Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia b Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia ABSTRACTABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of piloted ignition 引导点火 of cellulosic materials 纤维素质材料 The main objective is to present an engineering solution to the piloted ignition problem for wood exposed to radiant heat in a bench scale 小型 piloted ignition test This has been motivated by the need to have simple models of ignition for use in a computational fluid dynamics CFD 计 算流体力学 model of fire spread and extinguishment in building fires The experiments were conducted on oven dry 绝干 and moisture conditioned samples of three wood species using a cone calorimeter 锥形量热器 As expected the experimental data revealed that the effect of moisture content on the piloted ignition process is significant 显著的 It was also found that the ignition temperature depends on the external heat flux 外部热通量 which supports other recent studies Based on the experimental observations an approximate analytical equation 近似的解析方程 was derived and then used for correlating 使相互关联 the ignition data as well as extracting 导出 the piloted ignition properties The chief distinguishing feature 特征 of the present equation over other similar equations is that it takes into account 考虑 the variation of the ignition temperature with external heat flux 这篇论文描述了纤维素质材料引导点火的实验研究和理论分析相结合的研究结果 该论文的研究目的 是为了给出木材在小型引导点火实验中的热辐射条件下的引导点火问题的工程解决方法 在建筑火灾中 的火蔓延和熄灭的 CFD 模拟中很需要这样的简单着火模型 在实验中 采用锥形量热仪对三种绝干和含 水的木材样品进行测量 实验数据揭示了预期的实验结果 含水量对引导点火的过程影响显著 同时研 究发现 着火温度决定于外部热通量 这个实验结果也支持最近的一些研究 根据实验观察的结果推导 出一个近似的解析方程 这个方程可以将点火数据相互关联起来 并且可以进一步推导出点火性质 这 个方程区别与其他相似的方程的主要特征就在于它考虑导了点火温度随外部热通量的变化 6 25 分 以下这篇论文发表在 Fire Safety Journal 上面 是关于风和坡度对火蔓延影响的实验研 6 究 请根据请根据 IntroductionIntroduction 中的上下文意思 用英文总结性回答 自我组织语言进行英文表述 中的上下文意思 用英文总结性回答 自我组织语言进行英文表述 a a 论文的背景是什么 论文的背景是什么 BackgroundBackground 5 5 分 分 For about 50 years predicting the fire behaviour has generated an abundant and miscellaneous literature b b 以往的工作的进展如何 存在着什么问题或不足 以往的工作的进展如何 存在着什么问题或不足 LiteratureLiterature 5 5 分 分 c c 这项研究的动机是什么 这项研究的动机是什么 MotivationMotivation 5 5 分 分 To develop a simple model capable of predicting the key features of a fire and a numerical method of resolution for fire behavior simulation d d 研究目的是什么 研究目的是什么 AimAim 5 5 分 分 d d 拟采用什么研究方法拟采用什么研究方法 MethodMethod 5 5 分 分 Model predictions are compared to laboratory experiments measurements Different pine needles beds and different loads are considered in order to validate the formulation Comparison between predicted and observed rate of spread is presented for several wind and slope configurations ContributionContribution ofof RadiantRadiant HeatHeat TransferTransfer 辐射传热辐射传热 toto Laboratory ScaleLaboratory Scale FireFire SpreadSpread underunder thethe InfluencesInfluences ofof WindWind andand SlopeSlope INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION For about 50 years predicting the fire behaviour has generated an abundant and miscellaneous literature For recent researches Cheney et al 1 2 have identified fire front shape as a significant variable influencing fire spread which must be taken into consideration when using experimental fires to validate models Linn and Harlow 3 6 have developed a complex fundamental formulation based on the fluid mechanical conservation equation and a simplified rate of reaction for modelling the combustion processes However until now fire management tools have been developed from empirical or statistical models only and many existing physical models cannot be used as prediction tools since they consider the fire front as an infinite straight line Thus these models can only give valid outputs for horizontal fire in still air because they are not able to provide the curvature of the up wind or up slope fire front shapes Furthermore few of them include both wind and slope effects The aim of the present paper is to develop an accurate numerical model which is capable of describing the spread of a forest fire in order to help fire fighters facing a fire to make the appropriate decisions This necessitates a simple model capable of predicting the key features of a fire and a numerical method of resolution for fire behavior simulation In the present paper the formulation of the radiant contribution is improved by taking into consideration the long range preheating via flame radiation Model predictions are compared to laboratory experiments measurements Different pine needles beds and different loads are considered in order to validate the formulation Comparison between predicted and observed rate of spread is presented for several wind and slope configurations 7 25 分 科学论文的 ABSTRACT 基本上包括以下几个部分 6 研究工作的背景 Background 7 研究目的 Aim 通常为主题句 8 研究方法 Method 9 研究的结果 Results 10 结论 Conclusion 下面这篇论文是关于封闭空间火灾中烟气层分界面高度的确定方法研究 4 4 在理解的基础上翻译本文的在理解的基础上翻译本文的 TitleTitle 和和 AbstractAbstract 注意把握 注意把握 ABCABC 准则 准则 1010 分 分 5 5 直接在考卷上指明本文的直接在考卷上指明本文的 AbstractAbstract 中 对应以上中 对应以上 5 5 个部分的句子 个部分的句子 5 5 分 分 6 6 指出本篇指出本篇 AbstractAbstract 中的主题句 并用中的主题句 并用 2 2 种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主题句 种方式 包括主动和被动语态 改写主题句 6 6 分 分 Two methods are proposed in this paper for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles 轮廓 measured in enclosure fires a The paper proposed two methods for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles measured in enclosure fires b The smoke layer interface height can be determinded from parameter profiles 轮 廓 measured in enclosure fires by two methods proposed in this paper 7 7 用用 2 2 种方式改写如下划线所示的结尾句 参见课题笔记 种方式改写如下划线所示的结尾句 参见课题笔记 4 4 分 分 Good agreement exists between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice a The interface height predicted by the proposed method agreed well with the experiment results showing that the method can be reliably utilized in practice b The good agreement between the interface height predicted by the proposed method and experiment results showed that the method can be reliably utilized in practice DeterminationDetermination ofof InterfaceInterface HeightHeight fromfrom MeasuredMeasured ParameterParameter ProfileProfile inin EnclosureEnclosure FiresFires 从封闭空间火灾中的轮廓测量确定烟气层分界面高度 Yaping He Anthony Fernando and Mingchun Luo Centre for Environment Safety Engineering Victoria University of Technology Australia Accurate determination of smoke layer interface height plays an important role in the development of advanced smoke controll technology for enclosure fire 封闭空间火灾 Two methods are proposed in this paper for determining the smoke layer interface height from parameter profiles 轮廓 measured in enclosure fires The schemes 方案 are based on mathematical considerations of uniformity and optimization and involve no subjectivity or empiricism The dependence of the zone average of the measured quantities on the interface height is discussed The application of these two methods to a set of experimental data revealed that the two methods gave close results of the interface height but different to that determined with the N percentage rule N 百分比准则 GoodGood agreementagreement existsexists betweenbetween thethe interfaceinterface heightheight predictedpredicted byby thethe proposedproposed methodmethod andand experimentexperiment results results showingshowing thatthat thethe methodmethod cancan bebe reliablyreliably utilizedutilized inin practice practice 结尾句结尾句 准确确定烟气层分界面高度在封闭空间火灾烟气控制技术发展中具有重要重要作用 这篇论文提出了 8 两种基于封闭空间中参数轮廓测量来确定烟气层分界面高度的方法 实验方案根据一致性和优化性进行 数学处理 并且不涉及主观性和经验主义 文章中讨论了测定量的区域平均对界面高度的依赖性 应用 这两种方法对一系列的实验数据进行处理的结果揭示了两种方法给出了相似的界面高度结果 但是不同 与用 N 百分比准则处理的结果 用文章中所提出的处理方法得出的界面高度的结果与实验结果的之间 的一致性说明了这种方法在实际应用中的可靠性 5 25 分 以下这篇论文发表在 Fire Safety Journal 上面 是关于轰燃的发展理论研究 1 1 在理解的基础上 提取在理解的基础上 提取 3 3 个个 KeywordsKeywords 1010 分 分 flashover formulae model hot smoke layer 2 2 根据根据 IntroductionIntroduction 中的上下文意思 用英文总结性回答 鼓励自我组织语言进行英文表述 中的上下文意思 用英文总结性回答 鼓励自我组织语言进行英文表述 a a 论文的背景是什么 论文的背景是什么 BackgroundBackground 3 3 分 分 b b 以往的工作存在着什么问题或不足 以往的工作存在着什么问题或不足 LiteratureLiterature 3 3 分 分 c c 这项研究的动机是什么 这项研究的动机是什么 MotivationMotivation 3 3 分 分 There is still the need for a more detailed consideration of flashover phenomena including formulation of critical conditions for flashover in a more general form and investigation of its temporal characteristics 时态特征 The other important issue is how to place the quasistationary 类似的 approach accepted for flashover study 3 4 in the context of the full fire scenario d d 研究目的是什么 研究目的是什么 AimAim 3 3 分 分 developing a theoretical method of characterizing flashover on the basis of a two zone model and classical thermal explosion theory e e 拟采用什么研究方法拟采用什么研究方法 MethodMethod 3 3 分 分 OnOn thethe TheoryTheory ofof FlashoverFlashover DevelopmentDevelopment 轰燃发展的理论轰燃发展的理论 T L Graham G M Makhviladze and J P Roberts Centre for Research in Fire and Explosion Studies Department of Built Environment University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE UK ABSTRACTABSTRACT The importance of flashover results from the fact that it is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs In this paper the characteristics of hot smoke layer development from ignition to flashover are obtained for a fire in a compartment with one opening Flashover itself as a final stage of development is analysed using heat balance considerations for the developed hot layer in direct contact with the external atmosphere through the opening on the basis of a two zone model and classical thermal explosion theory Flashover is reasonably assumed to take place during the early development of the fire when the density and temperature of the lower zone may be taken to be close to their initial values Critical conditions for flashover to occur are found in a general form in terms of 根据 the determining similarity criteria The adiabatic 绝热的 flashover induction period 诱导期 in the absence of 没有 heat losses which is a useful qualitative and quantitative characteristic is given Calculation of the flashover 9 induction time allows for an evaluation of the total time for fire growth from ignition to flashover The results obtained give simple but general enough formulae for representation of the flashover phenomenon 轰燃的重要性是由于在腔室火灾发生时它的巨大的危险性 这篇论文描述了一端开口的腔室中的火灾 从着火到轰燃发生过程中热烟气层的发展特征 用热平衡理论对轰燃自身作为一个火灾发展的最终阶段 进行了分析 这种热平衡理论基于两区域模型和经典的热爆炸理论 在火灾的早期发展阶段 当较低区 域的密度和温度接近于其起初值时 轰然就可能会发生 轰燃发生的临界条件被发现是根据所决定的相 似性标准而定的一种常见的形式 给出了没有热损失条件下的绝热的轰燃诱导期 这种条件是一个有用 的定性和定量的特征 轰燃诱导时间的计算涉及到火灾从着火到轰燃的发展时间 所获得的结果给出了 简单但是普遍的公式来描述轰燃现象 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Typical fire development in an enclosure is characterised by a temperature history such as that sketched in Fig 1 The commonly accepted names for the different parts of the temperature time curve are also given Following ignition there is a slow growth period which is limited by the pyrolysis rate of the fuel supply fuel controlled combustion Early in fire development the combustion produc