托福基础阅读讲义.ppt

iBTTOEFLReading BasicLevel 主讲 何康 Introduction iBTTOEFL托福阅读简介iBTTOEFL基础阅读课程设置简介攻克iBTTOEFL阅读的基本要求iBTTOEFL托福Direction讲解托福真题测试总结iBTTOEFL考试的特点和做题原则讲解句子的结构 iBT托福阅读V S 笔试托福阅读 iBTTOEFL特点1 新托福所有的文章都加了标题mainidea题型取消 取而代之的是文章内容小结题2 文章明显加长老托福350 新托福700老托福11分 篇 新托福20分 篇注意加试 第1部分若3篇 则听力为9个段落或篇幅的文章第1部分若5篇 则听力为6个段落或篇幅的文章 iBTTOEFL特点3 新托福的生词明显增多高中 3500个单词 四级 4000多 新托福 8000 质的突破 词汇题占1 4的分数4 题目大多都是具有客观无争性 混淆题不多 5 顺序原则出题的顺序和文章议论的顺序基本一致的第1题 一般在前3行 第2题 4 6行 iBTTOEFL特点6 明显增加了对句子和篇章的考察体现在新增题型中7 新增题型 句子简化题 句子结构的理解 句子插入题 考查逻辑 文章内容小结题目 6选3 2分 7选5 3分 图表题 从文字到表格 TOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTypesBasicInformation InferencequestionsFactualInformationquestionsNegativeFactualInformationquestionsInferencequestionsRhetoricalPurposequestionsVocabularyquestions TOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTypes5 SentenceSimplificationquestions6 InsertTextquestionsReadingtoLearnquestions7 ProseSummary8 FillinaTable iBT托福阅读的考察重点 1 主题 辨析文章的主要观点 并与局部小观点区分 辨析段落主题 2 细节 概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪 3 词汇 辨析词汇和短语的含义 并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义 4 推断 根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 5 态度 根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度 6 结构 判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系 并确定段落的结构 3 攻克iBT托福的基本要求词汇是基础 如何有效地记忆词汇 四级词汇开始 6000 9000词汇书如何看 最难的 s t c d e l p最易得 q u v w x y z词汇书的选择 TOEFL词汇王玉梅编著适合高中生 词汇基础比较差的同学收录词汇比较多而全网络价 21 1 TOEFL词汇 词以类记张红岩编著前面的题材分类词汇不错 但后面的分类词汇总结一般适合有一定基础的同学网络价 23 8 TOEFL词汇精选张红岩编著收录了比较多的常考的中高级托福词汇比较适合过了4级的同学网络价 17 3 TOEFL核心词汇21天突破李笑来编著此书比较有成就感和规划感 并且每个单词都配备了托福考试的真题的原句适合有一定基础 特别是看得懂单词可看不懂句子的同学网络价 21 8 词典的选择 22 5 77 0 词汇记忆方法 零散时间背诵 15天内必须重复 背单词 阅读 一词多义E g freshmanfreshwoman 句子是关键 如何快速高效地读懂句子 句子的结构 背景是补充 老真题的阅读理解 NationalGeography Discovery 原版专业教材 美国历史文化书籍 美国风情录 美加概况 美国介绍 比较原始的 中英文对照的 涵盖地理 历史 自然风光 社会人文 几个重要的网站 4 信心是保障Onceyoumakeupyourmindtosucceed failurewillneverdefeatyouTodomuchistobemuchTodolittleistobelittle 阅读能力薄弱的原因词汇量不够词汇量足够 但是没掌握一词多义无法在文中快速定位找答案单词看得懂也能定位 但是放到句子就看不懂想要看懂每一句话 没看懂不放心 ReadiBTTOEFLDirectionsTPO TOEFLPracticeOnline http toeflpractice ets org SampleTest Passage22onyourhandout AnswertoPassage221 5CDBBD6 10ABDDA 托福考试三大原则不要通读全文先读段落首末句 然后带着题目回原文找答案阅读考试题目具有很强的客观性原文必有出处 不能靠猜测在速度与准确率无法兼得的情况下 一定以准确率为主不可以边做题边查字典 标点符号的用法 句号 分隔句子逗号 逗号之间可以不用看冒号 抽象到具体的过程 表示解释分号 并列 语义上和结构上的并列 破折号 之间是说明成分 可以不看引号 引用别人的观点 表讽刺括号 解释作用 阅读的方法 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法1 简单句 S V O2 复合句 主句 从句3 三大从句 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读1 快速阅读方法2 阅读中需要详略结合3 理解单位扩大 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 简单句 S V O谓动单一性原则 在一个句子中 有且只有一个谓语动词Iamastudentstudyeconomics Iamastudentstudyingeconomics 非谓语动词 现在分词V ing过去分词V ed P P 不定式todo 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 2 复合句 主句 从句主句单一性原则 在一个句子中 有且只有一个主句 从句可以有若干个 S V O S V O SVO and butSVOSVO 引导词 SVO 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 3 三大从句 名词性从句 主语从句 同位语从句 强调句型形容词性从句 定语从句副词性从句 状语从句 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 名词性从句 1 主语从句引导词 what that how why whether 结构 That S V O n what whatever S V n 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 ExampleWhatyousaidisrightThattheancestorsofbirdsaredinosaursisknown改写 Itisknownthattheancestorsofbirdsaredinosaurs 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 名词性从句 2 同位语从句 同位语 n1 n2 n1 n2同位语从句S n V O S that SVO VOe g Thefact thattheancestorofbirdsaredinosaurs isknown 可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词 如 view idea suggestion fact reason conclusion doubt e g Thereisnodoubtthathewasafinescholar 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 Test Analyzethesentencestructure 1 Thoughtheactualboundariesandsizesandshapesoftheplatesarenotknownforsure ithasbeenpostulatedthattherearesixmajorplates 2 ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthesinglesupercontinentknownasPangaeaindeedexisted thatPanagaeasubsequentlybrokeapartintotwogiantpieces GondwanalandinthesouthandLaurasiainthenorth andthatthecontinentsattachedtothevariouscrystalplatesseparatedanddriftedinvariousdirections 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 强调句型 Itis that SV VO 注意强调句型的结构 Itis was 被强调部分 who that 其它部分 此结构常译为 是 正是 其特点是 去掉强调结构 Itis was who that 原句仍成立Itwasabout600yearsago thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade A thatB untilC beforeD when 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 强调句型 Itis that SV VO 注意who和that的选用 在强调句型中 若被强调部分是主语 且指人时 可用who代替that 若被强调部分是宾语 且指人时 可用whom代替that 但若被强调部分是状语时 则只能用that 即使指时间 地点 原因等 也不能用when where或because等替代 如 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 ItwasmysisterwhomImetinthestreetyesterday ItwasonlywhenIrereadhispoemsrecentlythatIbegantoappreciatetheirbeauty ItwasforthisreasonthatherunclemovedoutofNewYorkandsettleddowninasmalltown 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 强调句型 Itis that SV VO 强调句型通常强调主语 宾语和状语 一般不强调谓语 需强调谓语时 要在谓语动词原形前面加上助动词do does或did 尤其是在祈使句或肯定句中 用来加强语气 如 Dotellmewhereonearthyouarenow Boysandgirls letmetellyousomethingthatdoessoundstrange Tomysurprise hedidcomehereontimelastnight 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 形容性从句 定语从句引导词 that which who whom when where whose结构 第 类引导词第 类引导词 VO a SVO a SV a 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 举例第I类引导词Thisisthepigthat whichisveryfatThisisthepigthat whichIateThisisthepigfromwhichImakefunThisisthepig whichisveryfatThisisthepig whichIateThisisthepig fromwhichImakefun 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 第II类 whose when where SVOThebook whosecoverisred isquiteinteresting ThisistheplacewhereIgrewup inwhichIgrewup 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 形容词性从句的省略 当that which whom在定于从句中充当宾语时 可以将它们省略 ThisisthemovieIlove 当that which在定语从句中充当主语时 并且从句中的谓语动词为be动词时可将它们省略n that which be n Thehouse whichwasbuiltin1919 wasdestroyed Thehouse builtin1919 wasdestroyed 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 个别情况下 which或as在引导定语从句时 也指代前面整个一句Astheplatesdrifted theymayhavediverged whichwasassociatedwiththespreadoftheseafloor ortheymayhaveconverged whichresultedincollision seductionandmountainbuilding 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 III 副词性从句 省略引导词when though while although if 结构When s v adj V ing V ed S V O省略条件 s S v be则 从句的主语和谓语一起省略 举例 Whenhewasyoung hewasalwaysbeatenbyhisfather Whenyoung hewasalwaysbeatenbyhisfather 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 测试1 写出省略句Ifyouareindoubt youcouldaskatyourlocallibrary Ifindoubt youcouldaskatyourlocallibraryTheroomwasalittleshabby thoughitislarge Theroomwasalittleshabby thoughlarge 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 测试2 找出该句子中的省略Otherpossiblechemicaldefenses whilenotdirectlytoxictotheparasite mayinhibitsomeessentialstepintheestablishmentofparasiticrelationship Forexample glycol proteininplantcellwallsmayinactivateenzymesthatdegradecellwalls 精读 句子结构分析和解析方法 7比较结构 比较的形式要一致 TheUnitedStatesislargerthanUK UKis isUK比较的对象要泛指 YourcarismuchmoreexpensivethantheoneIhave 比较的对象要一致 ThetemperatureinAlaskaismuchlowerthanthatofTexas 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 1 快速阅读方法 I 句子简读法 所有的句子都先读主干 再看引导句 1 n that V 定语从句 2 V that 宾语从句 3 S V O 省略不读 4 S V O 省略不读 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 II n1 n2 n3 名词并列 则找一个自己认识的读 e g Aggressivebehaviorisintendedtocauseinjury pain suffering damageordestruction 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 III n1ofn2 n1是中心词 核心词n1ofn2ofn3 n1是中心词 核心词e g Anunderstandingofthederivationofthewordcompetitionsupportsthat 翻译的方式 从后向前翻译依次加 的 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 IV n1orn2 n1andn2 n1 n2认识一个就行 e g Based 20orVigesimalsystemarelessused 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 V AsuchasB C D或者suchAasB C D 只要认识A B C D当中的一个就可以Verbalattackssuchasscreamingandshoutingorbelittlingandhumiliatingcommentscanalsobeatypeofaggression 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 VI 看到一下词组 只读逗号后面的内容Inadditionto Inaddition Ratherthan While though evenif eventhough 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 VII moreAthanBThan以后的内容不读 VIII aswellas and 同IV 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 2 阅读中需要详略结合 skimmingbutnotskip I需要详细阅读的内容 结构主体 段落首末句 非举例性质的概括 描述 题目定位返回原文的内容II可以快速浏览的内容 大量数据堆积 明显举例 对比 类比 让步 转折只读一半 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 3 理解单位扩大I阅读中的恶习 指读 声读 回读 视角过窄 二次阅读II理解单位扩大理解单位 变单词为意群组合进行阅读理解焦点训练法 Example 二 泛读 快速阅读与有效阅读 可以合并为意群的成分Adv 介词短语 分词短语 非谓语不定式主谓或谓宾固定搭配 too to suchas Topic1 Geology 地质学 crust 地壳mantle地幔core地核 地球构造学说 platetectonics板块构造学continentaldrifts大陆漂移学 板块运动的方式 converge会聚运动splitapart diverge分开AdiveunderBA潜入到B的下方slidepasseachother互相擦肩而过 Boundary 板块与板块之间的边界subductionzone潜没区boundarymid oceanridge海底山脊 volcano火山activevolcano活火山extinctvolcano死火山dormantvolcano休眠火山 volcano火山eruption火山喷发crater火山口lava火山岩浆magma岩浆volcanicdust火山尘volcanicash火山灰 quake tremor seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学seismicwave地震波magnitude震级epicenter震中aftershock余震 fault断层faultplane断层面faultzone断层带glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacialepoch period冰川期iceberg冰山 Topic1 Geology ReadPassage1 Topic2Americangeography 美国地理 NortheastAmerica Maryland Delaware 特拉华州 NewJersey Pennsylvania NewYork Connecticut 康涅狄格州 RhodeIsland 罗德岛 MassachusettVermont 佛蒙特州 NewHampshire 新罕布什尔州 Maine 缅因州 NorthAmerica thelandTheSmallest thesmalleststateisRhodeIsland whichhas36islandsTheShortest NewHampshirehastheshortestseacoast 18miles TheOldest theoldestmountainsinNorthAmericaaretheAppalachianMountain NortheastAmerica citiesBoston PhiladelphiaNewYorkCity WashingtonD C NorthAmerica theeconomyMegalopolis NewYorkCity WallStreetisinsouthofManhattanStatueofLibertyHudsonRiver Acapitalcity WashingtonD C Capitol 国会大厦 Congress 国会 NationalMall 草地广场 NorthAmerica thecultureNewYorkCityisthelargestcityinthenationwith7 5millionpeople TheLibraryofCongressinD C contains80millionitemsin470languages Itisprobablythebiggestlibraryintheworld TheDeclareofIndependencewassignedinPhiladelphiain1776Thenation sfirstcollegewasHarvardinCambridge Massachusetts GreatLakes LakeSuperiorLakeMichiganLakeHuronLakeErieLakeOntario MainStatesMinnesotaWisconsinIllinoisIndianaMichiganOhio MidwestofAmerica Chicago 钢铁城 Detroit 汽车城Characteristics abundanceofore forestation laborbenefitfromthetransportationconnectionTheland TheMidwestistheflattestregionintheUS ItistheonlyonewithnomountainrangesTheMidwesthasmorelakesthananyotherregioninthecountry MidwestofAmerica TheMidwestofAmerica Oneoftheworld sbiggestopenpitironminesoperatesnearHibbing MinnesotaThetallestbuildingintheUnitedStatesisinChicago ItistheSearsTower 110storiesor1454feettallMorecarsandtrucksaremadeinMichigancities suchasDetroitandFlintBecauseKansasisthenation stopwheat growingstate ithasbeencalledthebread basketofAmerica TheMidwestofAmerica FamousUniversities TheUniversityofChicagoTheNorthwestUniversityMichiganUniversityIllinoisInstituteofTechnology ThewestofAmerica MainStates WashingtonOregonCaliforniaNevada California WithmanybigcitiesincludingSanFrancisco LosAngeles andSanDiego CaliforniahasthemostpeopleofanystateHollywoodandDisneyland Theland ThetallesttreeintheworldistheGeneralShermantreeinCalifornia sSequoiaNationalPark Itis368feettallandis3000to4000yearsoldRockyMountainiscalledthe thebackbone ofAmerica ThemountainsformalinecalledthecontinentalDivide TheDeadValleyisinsunnysouthernCalifornia Itiscalled groundonfire Onasummerdaytheairisusuallyaround100degreesintheshade TheeconomyRedmond Washingtonishometothebiggestpersonalcomputersoftwarecompanyintheworld MicrosoftBoeing thelargestaircraftmanufacturerintheworld isoneofSeattle smostimportantemployers SiliconValleyinCaliforniaisaclusteroftownsthatarehigh techtoday Siliconisusedtomakecomputerchipsthatarebrainsofcomputers TheWestofAmerica UniversitiesUCofBerkeleyUCofL A StanfordUniversitytheUniversityofWashington corn rice tobacco cotton manufacturedgoods finishedproduct Newwordssummary Geography hemisphere半球equator赤道latitude纬线longitude经线 经度altitude海拔horizon地平线topography地形 地形学plain平原basin盆地lowland低地oasis绿洲plateau highland高地 Newwordssummary Geography waterfall瀑布cascade小瀑布 喷流reef暗礁coralreef珊瑚礁tide湖水dune沙丘cliff山崖valley山谷hillside mountainslope山坡canyon gorge峡谷channel strait海峡theprimevalforest原始森林tropicalrainforest热带雨林 Topic2AmericanGeography ReadPassage2 Topic3AmericanHistory 美国历史 Pre ColumbianperiodTheearliestknowninhabitantsofwhatisnowtheUnitedStatesarethoughttohavearrivedinAlaskabycrossingtheBeringlandbridge atleast14 000 30 000yearsago Someofthesegroupsmigratedsouthandeast andovertimespreadthroughouttheAmericas TheseweretheancestorstomodernNativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesandAlaskanNativepeoples aswellasallindigenouspeoplesoftheAmericas Mississippianculture Around900 1450ADtheMississippianculturedevelopedandspreadthroughtheEasternUnitedStates primarilyalongtherivervalleys ThelocationwheretheMississippiancultureisfirstclearlydevelopedislocatedinIllinois ColonialPeriod AfteraperiodofexplorationbypeoplefromvariousEuropeancountries Spanish Dutch English French Swedish andPortuguesesettlementswereestablished ChristopherColumbuswasthefirstEuropeantosetfootonwhatwouldonedaybecomeU S territorywhenhecametoPuertoRicoonNovember19 1493 duringhissecondvoyage Inthe15thcentury Europeansbroughthorses cattle andhogstotheAmericasand inturn tookbacktoEuropecorn potatoes tobacco beans andsquash Colonialperiod Britishcolonizationcolony殖民地colonial殖民的colonist settler殖民者ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonywasestablishedin1607 ontheJamesRiveratJamestowninVirginia ThePlymouthColonywasestablishedin1620 TheareaofNewEnglandwasinitiallysettledprimarilybyPuritanswhoestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1630 TheMiddleColonies consistingofthepresent daystatesofNewYork NewJersey Pennsylvania andDelaware werecharacterizedbyalargedegreeofdiversity FormationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica 1776 1789 The13ColoniesbeganarebellionagainstBritishrulein1775andproclaimedtheirindependencein1776 TheysubsequentlyconstitutedthefirstthirteenstatesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica TheUnitedStatesdefeatedtheKingdomofGreatBritainwithhelpfromFranceandSpainintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar theWarofIndependence However in1777theveryfirstnationtorecognizethesovereigntyofanewlyindependentUSAwasMorocco Westwardexpansion 1789 1849 TheLouisianaPurchase in1803 removedtheFrenchpresencefromthewesternborderoftheUnitedStatesandprovidedU S settlerswithvastpotentialforexpansionwestoftheMississippiRiver CivilWarera 1849 1865 Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury whiteAmericansoftheNorthandSouthwereunabletoreconcilefundamentaldifferencesintheirapproachtogovernment economics societyandAfricanAmericanslavery HarrietBeecherStowepublishedhernovelUncleTom sCabinin1852inresponsetothepassageoftheFugitiveSlaveAct Thenovelintendedtoexpressherviewsofthecrueltyofslaveryandsoldnearly300 000copiesduringitsfirstyearofpublicationandwasregardedbymany includingPresidentLincoln tobethebookthatstartedtheCivilWar Reconstructionandtheriseofindustrialization 1865 1890 ReconstructiontookplaceformostofthedecadefollowingtheCivilWar InresponsetoReconstruction theKuKluxKlan KKK emergedaroundthelate1860sasawhite supremacistorganizationopposedtoblackcivilrights Newwordssummary migrate移居 移往ancestors祖先NativeAmericans美国原住民indigenous本土的 priest牧师ceremonial仪式的Flint打火石voyage航海 航行colony殖民地colonial殖民的colonist settler殖民者Puritans Pilgrims清教徒 Rebellion叛乱Proclaim声明Defeated击溃reconcile和解AmericanRevolutionaryWar WarofIndependence美国独立战争Sovereignty主权 主权国家 Newwordssummary Civilwar美国内战reconstruction重建westwardexpansion西进运动 Topic3AmericanHistory ReadPassage46 Topic4AmericanEconomy 美国经济 U S农业社会的特点 家庭手工业为主AgriculturalEconomyWhiletheytradedamongthemselves NativeAmericanshadlittlecontactoutsidetheAmericasbeforeEuropeansettlersbeganarriving Theireconomicsystems forexampletheeconomyoftheIroquois involvedvariouscombinationsofhuntingandgatheringandagriculture Mason石工artisan手工艺人apprentice学徒 U S工业社会的特点 industrialeconomyspecialization专业化productivity生产能力 pricelivingstandard rawmaterial ore矿石 coal煤炭 timber木材laborforce immigrantspopulationfromvillage domesticimmigrants internationalimmigrants TheGreatDepression 1929 1933 Followingthestockmarketcrash theeconomyplungedintotheGreatDepression TheFederalReserveBoard 美国联邦储备委员会 didnotcausethedepressionbutitmadenoefforttointervenebyhelpingbanks Themoneysupplyfellbyone third anditwashardtogetaloan FranklinDelanoRooseveltwaselectedPresidentin1932withoutaspecificprogram Hereliedonahighlyeclecticgroupofadvisorswhopatchedtogethermanyprograms knownastheNewDeal U S benefitsfromeverywarAmericanRevolutionaryWar 07 04 1776 CivilWar 1861 1865 theFirstWorldWar 1914 1918 theSecondWorldWar 1937 1945 Postwarprosperity 1945 1973 TheperiodfromtheendofWorldWarIItotheearly1970swasagoldeneraofAmericancapitalismbabyboom 1945 1960 additionalnewword economy subsist生活 生存subsistence存活 生活subsistencewage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistencelevel收支平衡的生活水平 commodity商品bankloan银行贷款interest利息affluence富裕 富足 Topic3 AmericanEconomy ReadPassage52 Topic5AmericanUrbanization 美国城市化 urban城市的rural乡村的metropolis大都市metropolitan大都市的feedoneachother相辅相成Industrializationandurbanizationfeedoneachother technologicalprogress技术进步biastowardscitylife对城市生活的偏见Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption crime poverty andmoraldegradation 移民 migrants 大量涌入 streaminto 人口大幅上升 denselypopulated 农村人口大量涌入城市城市化与工业化互相促进feedoneachother 技术革新technologicalinnovation城市是社会变革领导者 civicleader 城市贫民生活依然艰难 severepoverty 农村对城市有偏见 bias Hinterland theplacewherefarawayfromthecoastorcityHinterlandCity Product Service TheearlyUnitedStatesarepredominatelyrural Accordingtothe1790census 95 ofthepopulationlivedinthecountryside The5 ofAmericanslivinginurbanareaslivedmostlyinsmallvillages OnlyPhiladelphia NewYork andBostonhadmorethan15 000inhabitants Untilthemiddleofthe19thcentury thecenterofthecitywasthemostfashionableplacetolive Merchants lawyersandmanufacturersbuiltsubstantialtownhousesonthemainthoroughfareswithinwalkingdistanceofthedocks warehouse officescourtsandshopswheretheyworked Poorpeoplelivedindarkalleysandcourtyardsofthecentralcity Markets shops tavernsandconcerthallsprovidedservicesandentertainment Themiddleclasseslivedalittlefartherfromthecenter andotherpoorpeoplelivedinthesuburbs Citiesweredenselypopulated aspeoplehadtolivewithinwalkingdistanceofworkandshops Streetswerenarrow justwideenoughtoaccommodatepedestriansandwagon TheIndustrialRevolutionofthe19thand20thcenturytransformedurbanlifeandgavepeoplehigherexpectationsforimprovingtheirstandardofliving Theincreasednumberofjobs alongwithtechnologicalinnovationintransportationandhousingconstruction encouragedmigrationtocities Immigrantsgravitatedtothecheaphousingandtothepromiseofworkinornearthecenterofcitiesoraroundfactories Nowtherichlivedinthesuburbsandthepoornearthecenterofcities Ifyoulovehim bringhimtoNewYork becauseitisaheavenIfyouhatehim bringhimtoNewYork becauseitisahell ReadPassage34 Topic6Biology 生物学 Zoology动物学 phylum门class纲order目family科genus属species种 invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物rodent啮齿动物primate灵长动物 carnivore食肉动物herbivore食草动物omnivore杂食动物scavenger食腐动物 reptile爬行动物amphibian两栖 类 lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪 mammal哺乳动物antelope羚羊otter水獭gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒ape猿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒 Solitaryanimal独居bear frog tigerSocialanimal群居ant bee chimpanzeeMigrateanimal迁徙butterfly locust crane mutation变种variation变异bio diversity生物多样性peculiarity特性 botany植物学 celltissueorgansystem parasiteplant寄生植物Aparasiticplantisonethatderivessomeorallofitssustenancefromanotherplant About4 100speciesinapproximately19familiesoffloweringplantsareknown Parasiticplantshaveamodifiedroot thehaustorium thatpenetratesthehostplant lawn草坪meadow牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub bush灌木