swpu《英国文学选读》期末复习资料.doc

SWPU英国文学选读期末复习资料 By Abby, Bess and JaneThe Norman Period (1066-1350) 诺曼时期I. Historical BackgroundA. 1066England invaded and conquered by a Germanic PeopleB. Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役The last Saxon King Harold was defeated by Duke William of NormandyC. Normana form of “Norsemen” or “Northmen”D. The Duke of Normandy was a subject to the king of FranceE. Duke William claimed himself William I, King of EnglandF. Claimed himself as the sole owner of all of the land in England II. Feudalism封建主义；封建制度III. Romance and the Influence of French LiteratureA. Large scale introduction of French and Italian literature and cultureB. Most popular type was known as “Romance”1. Romance传奇；浪漫史originally means the native language, instead of Latin. Later, it became tales in poetic verse, embodying the lives and adventures of knightsa. Content: Usually about love, chivalry, and religionb. Fighting and many different adventuresc. Supernatural and improbable2. Three Categories of Romancea) France-The exploits功绩of Charlemagne the Great查理曼大帝 and Roland罗兰b) Rome-Alexander the Great亚历山大大帝and the siege of Troy特洛伊木马屠城c) Britain-The Arthurian LegendTales of King ArthurThe Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) 乔叟时代I. Geoffrey Chaucer（乔叟） “The Father of English Literature”作品：The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集“The General Prologue” (p. 23-33)Significance:A. It gives an in depth picture of Chaucers timeSocial CommentaryB. Its dramatic structureC. Chaucers Humorsatire and ironyD. Proved that English is a beautiful language and can express many different moodsII. Summary:A. Poet describes the settingB. Comes to the Tabbard Inn in the southern suburb of LondonC. Meets a group of people going to St. Thomas Becketts tomb in Canterbury1. Known as “Pilgrims” on a Pilgrimage2. 29 from different social classes3. The poet describes each pilgrim in “The General Prologue”D. Host of the inn joins the journeyHarry Bailey1. Suggests each person tell two stories on the trip there and two more on the trip backa. Person with the best story wins a free supper at the cost of the othersb. Should be 120 tales but Chaucer only lived to write 24 talesIII. Key Terms关键词A. Social Commentary社会评论-promoting change by informing the general populace about a given problem and appealing to peoples sense of justice B. Dramatic Structure戏剧式结构-to tell a story usually through action and dialogue and typically designed for theatrical performance C. Satire讽刺；讽刺文学-a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad D. Irony讽刺；反语-a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected E. Characterization描述；特性描述；人物性格的描绘-the way a writer makes a person in a story, book, play, movie, or television show seem like a real person F. Imagery意象；比喻；形象化-visually descriptive or figurative languageG. Allegory寓言-a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one The Fifteenth Century十五世纪I. Historical BackgroundA. The Hundred Years War百年战争B. The War of the Roses玫瑰战争C. The Discovery of America发现美洲D. Reformation of the Church教会的改革II. Sir Thomas Malory马洛礼A. 1405-1471B. Wrote The Death of Arthur Compiled all of the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Developed English prose Focused on chivalry and the feudal systemC. He was a knight III. 提到的词：Camelot卡米洛；Excalibur亚瑟王的神剑；Merlin梅林；Knights of the Round Table圆桌骑士；Code of Chivalry骑士精神一The English Renaissance(1550-1642)文艺复兴时期-Intellectual and literary movement背景：Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)1.England enjoyed peace and prosperity2.Adopted a policy of tolerance and maintained balance between the feudal lords and the burghersThe enclosure movement圈地运动背景：1.Wealthy nobles began taking ownership of their land 2.Land was originally an open field for the community 3.Peasants became landless and moved into the citiesHumanism人文主义1. Strong interest in Roman and Greek cultures2. The art of ancient Rome and Greece were being reborn after a long time3. Great interest in the welfare of human beings4. Said it was against human nature to sacrifice happiness in this life for an afterlife5. Felt men should be given full freedom to enrich their emotional and intellectual livesEdmund Spenser-The Faerie Queen-An unfinished allegorical romanceAllegorical寓言：A story in which the characters, actions, and sometimes the setting are meant to make sense on a primary level and to communicate a second levelTwo main types:1.Historical-when the story represents historical people and events 2.Ideas-when the characters or actions come to represent conceptsThe Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体：9 lines/Rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc/8 lines have 5 feet/Last line has 6 feetThe Flourishing of Drama:First theatre was called “The Theatre” and opened in 1576 “Groundlings”-Poorer people who stood on the ground around the stage后座站票观众William ShakespeareFour period: 1.Apprenticeship 学徒期(1592-1594) 2.Rapid Growth and Development (1595-1600)-Romeo and Juliet (1596) 83页 3.Depression and Gloom (1601-1608)-Hamlet (1601) 121页 4.Restored Serenity (1608-1612)Six achievements：1.Gave voice to the desires and aspirations of people 2.Shakespeares humanism 3.His characterization-“round” characters 4.Originality创意 5.A great poet 6.Master of the English language-Romeo and Juliet：主题是The Forcefulness of Love、Love as a Cause of Violence、The Inevitability of Fate-Hamlet主题是The Mystery of Death、The Impossibility of Certainty、The Complexity of Action2 Seventeenth century-The Elizabethan age伊丽莎白时代Bourgeoisie中产阶级、资产阶级：the upper-middle class that originated during the latter part of the Middle Ages背景：1、Charles I came to throne in 1625 2、Relations between monarch and Parliament (burgher class) became worse3、Burghers wanted free trade but the monarch controlled trade and commerce with heavy taxes on the merchantsThe Bourgeoisie Revolution：causes from economic and religion Stability：1685: James II becomes king of EnglandFrancis Bacon培根-of studiesAdmitted himself guilty of “corruption and neglect”, but also admitted there was much political corruption in the countryEssay：A short piece of writing ；Discusses a matter, expresses a point of view, persuade us to accept and subject, or simply entertain；Addressed to a general audienceMetaphysical poets and cavalier poets形而上学和骑士诗人Metaphysical poets： Most important poet: John Donne：A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Main themes: Love 、Death 、Religion、“All things no matter how different are united by God”Highly intellectual poetry marked by:1. Bold and ingenious conceits 曲喻、牵强附会比喻：A combination of dissimilar images to discover a connection between the twoExample: “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”The continuing relationship between two people when they are physically separated and the coordinated movement of a draftsmans compass2. Incongruous imagery 比喻：Using words to create mental pictures for the reader，visually descriptive or figurative languageThis process helps the reader by taking abstract words and ideas, and putting them into concrete and more realistic termsExample from Hamlet“or to take arms against a sea of troubles” (Act III, Scene 1, line 4) (p.127)Same example from “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”3.Complexity of thought4.Frequent use of paradox 悖论 似是而非的：A statement which doesnt seem to make sense at first, but in a certain way can actually be understoodExample: John Donnes “Death, Be Not Proud”“One short sleep past, we wake eternallyAnd death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.” 5.Deliberate harshness of expressionThe Cavaliers:RoyalistsPoetry marked by:1、Courtliness-Elegant; refined 2、Urbanity-city life 3、Polish-To remove flaws from; perfect or completeMain themes: Love 、“Carpe diem”-seize the dayJohn Milton 弥尔顿-Paradise Lost Works best show: Enthusiasm of the bourgeois revolution /Bitter hatred for the despotic rulerMan of thought that defended the revolutionNecessary to engage public opinion for Puritans and revolutionists-Paradise Lost: Gave vent to his dislike of Charles IICentral Theme:“The Fall of Man”目的：To “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.”Contradicting voices:Satan：Voices the hatred for God who is tyrannical in the eyes of the rebellious angelAdam and Eve：Their love expresses the humanist pursuit for happiness, that is, the spirit of RenaissanceEpic Poetry：a lengthynarrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Allusions暗示 提示：A figure of speech that makes a reference to people, places, events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication3 Eighteenth century-The Age of Reason理性时代1688-1798背景：1688The constitutional monarchy was a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats； Parliament became the actual leaders of the country；Supported commerce and the policy of tolerance；Two partiesthe Whigs and the Tory；End of the 18th century England was the leading naval power in EuropeJohn Locke：Began “The Age of Reason”Issac Newton：1678Law of GravitationJonathan Swift-A Modest ProposalViewed human society with contempt and has been call a cynic and even a misanthropeA Modest Proposal：Bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people 可能会提的问题1、What are some of the problems he writes about? 2、How does he “propose” to solve these problems?Alexander Pope-An Essay on ManSelf-educated、Great knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans、Close friend with Johnathan Swift、Valued clarity, balance, proportion and concentration on language and style, not passionWilliam Blake-The LambWilliam Blake-Songs of Innocence (1789)Express the delight in life, despite suffering and sorrow；Seen through childs imagination；Can be attained by adults if they choose to see a different world through their imagination；First glimpse of Blakes mysticism- the belief in or experience of a reality surpassing normal human understanding or experience；Using Opposites：Many poems in the collection contradict each other；Tone is completely differentThe Age of Romanticism浪漫主义时期Romanticism浪漫主义：The glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and an intense passion to remake the world Subjectivism主观主义，个人主义：1、Interested in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves 2、Much more imaginativeSpontaneity自发性：1、William Wordsworth defined poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of feelings” 2、No need to follow “rules” and “regulations” 3、Focused on independence 4、More “heart” than “head” Melancholy忧郁，悲哀：Themes of exile, isolation, a longing for the infinite (an unreachable goal is commonly found in their works) William Wordsworth：Born and grew up near the Lake districtBeautiful scenic spot in northwestern EnglandLyrical Ballads (1798)preface is an important piece of literary criticismDeclaration of romantic idealsProfound love of nature, which characterizes all of his works“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”： SubjectivismWhat perspective is the poem from? Who is telling it? SpontaneityWhat are some words that describe emotions? Worship of NatureHow is nature seen? MelancholyAre there any words that are sad? Jane Austen:简奥斯汀一生一共有六部主要作品：1：理智与情感又名理性与感性（Sense and Sensibility， 1811）2：傲慢与偏见（Pride and Prejudice， 1813）3：曼斯菲尔德庄园（Mansfield Park， 1814）4：爱玛（Emma， 1815）5：诺桑觉寺（Northanger Abbey， 1818， 死后出版）6：劝导（Persuasion， 1818， 死后出版）The Victorian Age维多利亚时期Background: Refers to the time Queen Victoria ruledBritish Empire: “the empire on which the sun never sets”A very prosperous time for wealthy industrial capitalists but a terrible time for the poor labor classMany authors were trying to reveal the darker side of the seemingly prosperous societyPride-a feeling that you are more important or better than other peoplePrejudice-preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experienceUtilitarianism功利主义：“The value of any institution, government, and church depends on whether it contributes or not to the greatest happiness of the greatest number”The Novel：1、Novels became much more popular2、More people to read3、Better printing technology4、Authors now made a lot of money5、The wealthy lived very “idle” lives6、Provided a great way to explore human society between the very wealthy and the very poor7、Gave voice to women and feminists looking for the right to voteSocial Criticism社会批判:1、These authors were trying to describe the terrible society around them2、Many times we try so hard to see the best in everything that we fail to see the truth3、Tried to create a change for their society by talking about things people werent paying attention toCharles Dickens： Worked in a factory at the age of 11Left a deep mark on himInspired many of his future works of social criticismOliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield, A Christmas CarolDickens Work：Depicts the grotesque (very odd or unusual, fantastically ugly or absurd)Gives life to inanimate things and compares inanimate objects with animate objects (personification)Uses emotional descriptions to arouse sympathy in people (pathos)“Bleak House” Is anything grotesque?Does he pers