初中英语名词用法讲与练.doc

初中英语名词用法讲与练 在英语中，名词的用法十分广泛，且在历年中考中，“名词”考点热仍然处于有升无降之趋势，就近几年的中考英语试题来看，对名词考查得较热的还是“名词的数”、“名词的格”、“名词作主语时和谓语一致关系”（名词的其它知识点是必要的基础），下面结合教材和近年来中考试题，从这三个方面谈名词复习的问题，供学习者体会。 名词的数 名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词（个体名词和大多数集体名词）和不可数名词（物质名词和抽象名词）两种。表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数两种形式；表示不可以计数的事物的名词叫不可数名词，一般不分单数和复数。 1、可数名词：个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。 . 单数 表示一个的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加 a 或 an。如 a book）、a river、an apple、an orange等。 . 复数 表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pens、three days、three cities等。 （1）规则名词复数形式的构成： 大多数名词 在词尾加-s。（在清辅音后读s，在浊辅音及元音后读z。） 例1：The teacher said we needed to choose three _ for the school concert.（重庆2006） A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers (答案：选D) 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词 把 y 变成 i , 加 -es（读作iz citycities) ,但专有名词例外，直接在 y后加-s（读作z GermanyGermanys）。 例2：Many _? have been built in our city since 1987 ? Afactorys? Bfactories?Cfactoryes?Dfactory (答案：选B) 以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词 在词尾加 es（读作iz）。 例3、How many _? are there in the room ？ ? Aboxes? Bbox? Cboxs? Dboxxes (答案：选A) 例4、His mother bought two _? yesterday ? Abrushs? Bbrushse? Cbrushes? Dbrush (答案：选B) 以辅音字母 + o 结尾的名词 一般直接加 es(读作z), 某些外来词例外，加 -s （如 zero, kilo, tobacco 等）；以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词直接加s(但读作z)。 例5、There are lots of _?in the basket on the table ? Atomatos?Btomato?Ctomatoss?Dtomatoes (答案：选D) 例6、Whose _? are these？ ? Aphoto? Bphotoes? Cphotos? Dphotoss (答案：选C) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词 有的直接加 s(读作z)；大多数要将 f 或 fe 变为 v, 再加-es(读作z)；有些词两种形式都可以 handkerchief-handkerchiefs-handkerchieves。 例7：This tree has green _ throughout the year. A. leaf B. leafs C. leave D. leaves (答案：选D) （2）不规则变化： 单数、复数形式相同 如：deerdeer，sheepsheep，fishfish，ChineseChinese，peoplepeople。 例8：Look, five _ are feeding on the hill. A. sheeps B. sheep C. sheeps D. the sheep (答案：选B) 改变单数名词中的元音字母 如：footfeet，manmen ，toothteeth，womanwomen。 例9：Several _ are talking under the tree. And their _ are swimming in the lake. A. woman; children B. woman; child C. women; children D. women; child (答案：选C) 含有man，woman的复合名词的变化 如：EnglishmanEnglishmen，policewomanpolicewomen, Frenchwoman Frenchwomem，fishermanfishermen. 其他变化 如：childchildren ，mousemice。 例10：The cat caught two _? last night? Amouses? Bmice? Cmouse? Dmices (答案：选B) 有些词只有复数形式 A.某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。如：trousers等。 B.某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。如：arms，clothes，goods，stairs等。 二、名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加 s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下： 1） 单数名词词尾加 s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。 例11：How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? _. A. In five days time B. In five days time C. In five days time D. For five days (答案：选B) 2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗争。 例12：He may be back to the country in a few _. I hope the day to come! A. months time B. months time C. months time D. month time (答案：选C) 3） 凡不能加 s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。 例13：What do you know about the worlds population? （辽宁2005） I know China and India are the countries _ more than one billion. A. with a population of B. with populations C. that have populations of D. which has a population of (答案：选C) 4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。 例14：You neednt wait for Tom any longer. He must be having supper at _. A. the Tells B. the Tells C. the Tells D. Tells (答案：选B) 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间） John and Marys room（一间） 例15：Yesterday evening we had a lovely praty at _. A. Peter and Helens B. Peter and Helens C. Peter and Helen D. Peters and Helens (答案：选A) 三、名词作主语和谓语的一致1、复数主语须用复数谓语，单数主语须用单数谓语。 例16：A man of words and not of deeds _ a garden full of weed. Alike B. likes C. is like D. are like 解析：选C。因主语是A man(单数)，“of words and not of deeds”是主语的定语。 例17：A number of people in the developed cities_cars of their own. A. has B. have C. there is D. there are 解析：选B。因主语是people(复数)，a number of(许多)是主语的定语。 2、如果名词主语是一个抽象概念，一般都用单数谓语。 例18：Smoking is bad for your health. 例19：“Many years” a long time, I dont know how long . A. are, they are B. are, it is C. is, they are D. is, it is 解析：例1中，smoking指事，谓语用单数；例2选D，因为在英语里，表时间、距离等的名词作主语，和表事件都是抽象概念，其谓语都要用单数。 3、当主语是and连接的两个名词时，在指一样东西时用单数谓语，若指两样东西时则需用复数主语。 例20：Talking about something and doing it are two different things. 例21：I want bread and milk instead of bread and butter because bread and butter not sold well before. A. are B. is C. were D. was 解析：例1中“说”和“做”是两件事；例2中，bread and milk、bread and butter分别是指“牛奶面包”和“黄油面包”，and连接的表示一样东西，在because从句中，主语bread and butter当然是单数，所以选D。 4、如果名词主语后面跟有with, together with, as well as, except这类词引导的短语，谓语仍用单数，因为这种结构多为修饰语。 例22：Mary with her parents TV in the sitting-room at this time yesterday. A. is B. are C. was D. were 解析：选C。因为with her parents在此作伴随状语，主语(Mary)是单数。 5、集体名词作主语的情况： A. 有些集体名词可跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，视作整体时跟单数谓语，着重于所包含的成员时，则可跟复数谓语。 例23：His family lunch at the table now.（have） 例24：His family very poor before.（be） 解析：例1中family指家中成员的活活动，视为复数，填are having；例2中family指“家”，视为整体，是单数,填was。 B. 有些集体名词都指复数的人或动物，后面都用复数谓语。 例25：The police are going to question him. 警察审视他。 解析：在英语里，people, police, media(媒体)，bacteria(细菌)，cattle(牛群)等名词指复数的人或物。 C有些集体名词后面的谓语用单数或复数都可以，也有的集体名词通常只跟单数谓语。 练习 一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空： 1.One in four people worldwide (be) without good homes. 2.The police (say) the killing of the young man was an accident. 3.Her family (have) been in Los Angeles since the turn of the century. 4.Polities (be) seen as a mans world, but difficult for women to get on. 5.Broadcast(广播) news (be) true, but not interesting. 6.The United Nations (have) asked for help from the international community. 二、单项选择填空： 1.We need some more . Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 2.What big _ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes 3.Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 4.On the table there are five_. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 5.He gave us_ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice 6.When we saw his face, we knew _ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 7.He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces breads 8.How many _have you got on your farm? Ive got five. A. cow B. sheep C. pig D. chicken 9.Some_came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D.Germanies 10.A group of _will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Canadian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 11.Lets meet at 7:30 outside the gate of_. A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park 12.There are sixty-seven_ in our school. A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher 13.September 10th is _ in China. A. Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 14.Excuse me, where is the _ ? A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms 15.The football under the bed is _ . A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys 16.In a few _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years C. years D. years 17.Its about _ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 18.Half _ telephone calls are made in English. A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds 19.Miss Smith is a friend of _ . A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers 20.Have you seen Toms and Johns _? A. pencil-box B. pencil-box C. pencil-box D. pencils-box Keys 一、提示：有些名词以单数形式出现，但实为复数。1.are 2.say 3.have 提示：有些名词常以-s形式出现，但实为单数。4.is 5.is 6.has 二、15: CBBCB; 610: CCBAC 1115: ABBAD 1620: BBCAB 名词复习语言实践与内容梳理：1. 名词的种类名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词指某个人、地方、机构等特定名词，如Lucy，Beijing等；普通名词一般指一类人或东西，或是一个抽象的概念的名称。从四方面掌握A.个体名词，如worker，book等;B.集体名词，如family，class等；C.物质名词，如glass，coffee等；D.抽象名词，如life，love等。其中个体名词和集体名词合成为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词合成为不可数名词。2. 名词的数不可数名词，包括物质名词和抽象名词，从某种意义不能计数，只有单数形式。可数名词，包括个体名词和集体名词，通常有单复数的区别。可数名词的复数形式一般在单数后面加-s构成，加-s词尾的主要方式有以下几点：一般在词尾直接加-s，如books，boys等。以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词后加-es，如buses，boxes ，watches等。以辅音字母加“y”结尾的名词，变“y”为“i”，再加-es，如family families， storystories,citycities等。以f，fe结尾的名词通常变f，fe为v，让后再加-es，如knifeknives，wifewives等。（注意：以o结尾的名词变复数，不同的语法教材对此规定不一。为记忆方便，一般认为:初中教材常见的单词，如tomatotomatoes, potato potatoes。其他 photo photos, radioradi