2015年12月六级真题及答案Pupu~.doc

2015年12月六级真题及答案（Pupu版）备注：1听力/cet/heare/zhenti/2015-12-22/181578.html2 下面有很多很多错误，我尽量改正了，但应该还有，例如at home写成athome听力部分1.BA) the woman should mix the ingredients thoroughlyB) the dressing makes the mixed salad very invitingC) the restaurant is known for its food varietiesD) the restaurant offers some special cash today2.DA) he took over the firm from MaryB) he is opening a new consulting firmC) he failed to foresee major problemsD) he is running a successful business3.BA) the printer in the office has run out of paperB) the man may find the supplies in the cabinetC) the man can leave the discs in the office cabinetD) someone should be put in charge of office supplies4.DA) the woman can use his glasses to readB) he has the dictionary the woman wantsC) the dictionary is not of much help to himD) he has to use a magnifying glass to see clearly5.CA) seeking professional adviceB) adding some office furnitureC) redecorating her officeD)majoring in interior design6.AA) shortage of container shipsB) improvement of port facilitiesC) delayed shipment of goodsD) problems in port management7.AA) a colleagueB) their bossC) their workloadD) a coffee machine8.CA) call the hotel manager for helpB) get an expert to correct the errorC) hold the banquet at a different placeD) postpone the event until a later date9.DA) he cooks dinner for the family occasionallyB) he dines out from time to time with friendsC) he shares some of the household dutiesD) he often goes back home late for dinner10.DA) to take him to dinnerB) to discuss an urgent problemC) to talk about a budget planD) to pass on an important message11.CA) foreign investors are losing confidence in Indias economyB) Many multinational enterprises are withdraw from IndiaC) there is a sharp increase in Indias balance of payment deficitD) there are wild fluctuations in the international money market12. DA) they try to adapt to their changing rolesB) they form a more realistic picture of lifeC) they may not be prepared for a lifelong relationshipD) they have unrealistic expectations about the other half13.AA) he is lucky to be able to do what he lovesB) he is able to meet many interesting peopleC) he is able to forget all the trouble in his lifeD) he is lucky to have visited many exotic people14.CA) it is stressfulB) it is full of funC) it is all glamourD) it is challenging15.DA) amazedB) botheredC) puzzledD) excited16.CA) Learn to be respectful in a hierarchical organizationB) Follow closely the fast development of technologyC) Learn new ways of relating and working togetherD) Maintain the traditional organizational culture17.CA) How the team is built to keep improving its performanceB) What type of personnel the team should be composed of.C) How the team integrates with what it is supposed to serveD) What qualifications team members should be equipped with.18. DA) A team manager must set very clear and high objectivesB) Teams must consist of members from different cultures.C) Team members should be knowledgeable and creative.D) A team manager should develop a certain set of skills.19.AA) It is allowing people to share information on the WebB) It started off as a successful program but was unable to last longC) It was mainly used by scientists and technical people to exchange text.D) It is a platform for sharing ideas on teaching at the University of111linois20.BA) He visited a number of famous computer scientists.B) He met with an entrepreneur named Jim ClarkC) He invested in a leading computer business.D) He sold a program developed by his friends.21.BA) They trusted his computer expertise.B) They had confidence in his new ideas.C) They were very keen on new technology.D) They believed in his business connections.22AA) word-of-mouth advertisingB) Distributing free trial products.C) Prestige advertising.D) Institutional advertising23DA) To sell a particular product.B) To attract high-end customersC) To promote a specific service.D) To build up their reputation.24DA) By creating their own ads and commercials.B) By buying media space in leading newspapers.C) By hiring their own professional advertising staff.D)By using the services of large advertising agencies.25CA) Conduct a large-scale survey on customer needsB) specify the objectives of the campaign in detail.C) pre-test alternative ads or commercials in certain regions.D) Decide on what specific means of communication to employ.Extinction is a difficult concept to grasp. It is an 26 _eternal_concept. Its not at all like the killing of individuals lifeforms that can be renewed through normal processes of reproduction. Nor is it simply 27 _diminishing_ numbers. Nor is it damage that can somehow be remedied or for which some substitute can be found.Nor is it something that simply affects our own generation. Nor is it something that could be remedies by some supernatural power. IT is rather an 28 _absolute_ and final act for which there is no remedy on earth or in heaven. A species once extinct is gone forever. However many generations 29_succeed_ us in coming centuries, none of them will ever see this species that we extinguish.Not only are we bring about the extinction of life 30 _on a vast scale_, we are also making the land and the air and the sea so toxic that the very conditions of life are being destroyed. 31_As regards_ basic natural resources, not only are then on renewable resources being 32_used up_in a frenzy(疯狂) of processing, consuming ,and 33_disposing_, but we are also ruining much of our renewable resources, such as the very soil itself on which terrestrial(地球上的) life depends.The change that is taking place on earth and in our minds is one of the greatest changes ever to take place in human affairs, perhaps the greatest, since what we are talking about is not simply another historical change or cultural 34_modification_, but a change of geological and biological as well as psychological order of 35_magnitude_ 阅读部分As it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge o? Plus, we live in a culture that36to the latenighter, from 24-hour grocery store to ? shopping site that never close. Its no surprise, then, that more than half of American adults get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as37by sleep experts.Whether or not we can catch up on sleep on the weekend, say- is a hotly38among sleep researchers. The latest evidence suggests that while it isnt39, it might ? when Liu, the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine, brought40sleep-rest people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they lagged about 10 hours per night. ? showed41in the ability ofinsulin(胰岛素) to process blood sugar. That suggests ? Up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep42causes, which is encouraging ? given how many adults dont get the hours they needeach night. Still, Liu isnt43to end the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later.Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not44an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will45one area of the brain,but theres never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, because you couldnt really replicate（复制）the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts ? the brain to go through the different stages of sleep,” says Dr. Nancy Collop, director of the Em?University Sleep Center. A) alternativelyI) negotiated B) caters J) pierce C) chronicallyK) presumption D) debatedL) ready E) deprivationM) recommended F) ideal N) surpasses G) improvements O) target H) necessarily答案：BMDFO GELHJClimate change may be real, but its still not easy being greenHow do we convince our inner caveman to be greener?We ask some outstanding social scientists.A)The road to climate hell is paved with our good intentions. Politicians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions. But the most pervasive problem is less obvious: our own behaviour. We get distracted before we can turn down the heating. We break our promise not to fly after hearing about a neighbors rip to India. Ultimately, we cant be bothered to change our attitude. Fortunately for the planet, social science and behavioral economics may be able to do that for us.B)Despite mournful polar bears and carts showing carbon emissions soaring, mot people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally. Recent polls by the Pew Research Centre in Washington, DC, found that 75-80 per cent of participants regarded climate change as an important issue. But respondents ranked it last on a list of priorities.C)This inconsistency largely stems from a feeling of powerlessness. “When we cant actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defense mechanisms,” says Tom Crompton, change strategist for the environmental organization World Wide Fund for Nature.D)Part of the fault lies with our inner caveman. Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact. “We worry most about now because if we dont survive for the next minute, were not going to be around in ten years time,” says Professor Elke Weber of the Centre for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University in New York. If the Thames were lapping around Big Ben, Londoners would face up to the problem of emissions pretty quickly. But in practice, our brain discounts the risksand benefitsassociated with issues that lie some way ahead.E)Matthew Rush worth,of the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, sees this in his lab every day. “One of the ways in which all agents seem to make decisions is that they assign a lower weighting to outcomes that are going to be further away in the future,” he says. “This is a very sensible way for an animal to make decisions in the wild and would have been very helpful for humans for thousands of years.”F)Not any longer. By the time we wake up to the threat posed by climate change, it could well be too late. And if were not going to make national decisions about the future,others may have to help us to do so.G)Few political libraries are without a copy of Nudge:Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness, by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein.They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisionssuch as saving more in our pension plansby changing the default options. Professor Weber believes that environmental policy can make use of similar tactics. If, for example, building codes included green construction guidelines, most developers would be too lazy to challenge them.H)Defaults are certainly part of the solution. But social scientists are most concerned about crafting messages that exploit our group mentality(心态). ”We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to make change,” says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich. ”It is actually about what their peers think of them, what their social norms are, what is seen as desirable in society.” In other words, our inner caveman is continually looking over his shoulder to see what the rest of the tribe are up to.I)The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be altered by counting us inand measuring us againstour peer group. “Social norms are primitive and elemental,” says Dr. Robert Cialdini, author ofInfluence: The Psychology of Persuasion.“Birds flock together, fish school together, cattle herd together just perceiving norms is enough to cause people to adjust their behavior in the direction of the crowd.”J)These norms can take us beyond good intentions. Cialdini conducted a study in San Diego in which coat hangers bearing messages about saving energy were hung on peoples doors. Some of the messages mentioned the environment, some financial savings,others social responsibility. But it was the one that mentioned the actions of neighbours that drove down power use.K)Other studies show that simply providing the facility for people to compare their energy use with the local average is enough to cause them to modify their behaviour. The Conservatives plan to adopt this strategy by making utility companies print the average local electricity and gas usage on peoples bills.L)Social science can also teach politicians how to avoid our collective capacity for self-destructive behaviour. Environmental campaigns that tell us how many people drive SUVsunwittingly(不经意地) imply that this behaviour is widespread and thus permissible. Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message. “Instead of normalising the undesirable behaviour, the message needs to marginalise it, for example, by stating that if even one person buys yet another SUV, it reduces our ability to be energy-independent.”M)Tapping into how we already see ourselves is crucial. The most successful environmental strategy will marry the green message to our own sense of identity. Take your average trade union member, chances are they will be politically motivated and be used to collective actionmuch like Erica Gregory. A retired member of the Public and Commercial Services Union, she is setting up one of 1,100 action groups with the support of Climate Solidarity, a two-year environmental campaign aimed at trade unionists.N)Erica is proof that a great-grandmother can help to lead the revolution if your get the psychology rightin this case, by matching her enthusiasm for the environment with a fondness for organising groups. “I think there must be something in it.” She is expecting up to 20 people at the first meeting she has called, at her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.O)Nick Perks, project director for Climate Solidarity, believes this sort of activity is where the future of environmental action lies. “Using existing civil society structures or networks is a more effective way of creating change and obviously trade unions are one of the biggest civil society networks in the UK,” he says. The“Love Food, Haste Waste” campaign entered into a collaboration last year with another such networkthe Womens Institute. Londoner Rachel Talor joined the campaign with the aim of making new friends. A year on, the meetings have made lasting changes to what she throws away in her kitchen. “Its always more of an incentive if youre doing it with other people,” she says. “It motivates you more if you know that youve got to provide feedback to a group.”P)The power of such simple psychology infighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment. In the US, the House of Representatives Science Committee has approved a bill allocating $10 million a year to studying energy-related behaviour. In the UK, new studies are in development and social scientists are regularly spotted in British government offices. With the help of psychologists,there is fresh hope that we might go green after all.46. When people find they are powerless to change a situation, they tend to live with it.47. To be effective, environmental messages should be carefully framed.48. It is the governments responsibility to persuade people into making environment-friendly decisions.49. Politicians are beginning to realize the importance of enlisting psychologists help in fighting climate change.50. To find effective solutions to climate change, it is necessary to understand what motivates people to make change.51. In their evolution, humans have learned to pay attention to the most urgent issues instead of long-term concerns.52. One study shows that our neighbors actions are influential unchanging our behavior.53. Despite clear signs of global warming, it is not easy for most people to believe climate change will affect their own lives.54.We would take our future into consideration in making decisions concerning climate change before it is too late.55. Existing social networks can be more effective in creating change in peoples behaviour.答案：CLGPH DJBFOPassage OneMore than a decade ago, cognitive scientists John Bransford and Daniel Schwartz, both then at Vanderbilt University, found that what distinguished young adults from children was not the ability to retain facts or apply prior knowledge to a new situation but a quality they called “preparation for future learning.” The researchers asked fifth graders and college students to create a recovery plan to protect baldeagles from extinction. Shockingly, the two groups came up with plans of similar quality( although the college students had better spelling skills).From the standpoint of a traditional educator, this outcome indicated that schooling and failed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas.The researchers decided to go deeper,however. They asked both groups to generate questions about important issues need to create recovery plans. On this task, they found large differences.College students focused on critical issues of interdependence between eagles and their habitats(栖息地). Fifth graders tended to focus on features of individual eagles(“How big are they?” and “What do they eat?”). The college students had cultivated the ability to ask questions, the cornerstone of critical thinking. They had learned how to learn.Museums and other institutions of informal learning may be better suited to teach this skill than elementary and secondary schools. At the Explor