初中英语 语法梳理及练习 动词.doc

初中英语语法梳理和提高动 词动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。一）助动词助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：1、助动词be的用法如下：1）构成各种进行时态。如：it was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。2）构成被动语态。如：the meeting was held yesterday afternoon.会议是昨天下午举行的。3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：they are to see an english film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。2、助动词do的用法如下：1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：does he think so?i didnt say anything about the result.2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：they do study hard.she does love him.he did want to help the old man.3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：he has lived here for three years.as soon as the sun had set they returned.4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：i shall send ten letters to my good friend.she wanted to know if i should go to the palace.二）情态动词情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。表示能力表示能力一般用can, could。如：rose can speak now, but she couldnt a week ago.be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：she could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.they will be able to finish the drawing soon.2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：she was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：-could you lend me your pen?-yes, i can.表示许可表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。-might/could i borrow your book?-yes, you may/can.表示必需、必要 must和have to都有“必须” ，一般情况下可互换。如：you must / have to finish the work.但他们有如下区别：1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：i must have a talk with him.he has to give up smoking because of badly cough.2) 否定式mustnt 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；dont have to 意为“不必”。如：you mustnt hit her.you dont have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：you must lose in the mountain.2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：you speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比 may的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：the package might come tomorrow.they may have killed the enemies.3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can (could) +动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用cant+动词原形，对过去表示推测用cant (couldnt) have+过去分词。如：it cant be john. he has gone to uk.4、need的双重身份need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。三）系动词连词动词的种类联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：jim appears very old.、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：it smells bad.3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如： she becomes more beautiful than three years ago.四）行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。、及物动词及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：my mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.2、不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：he only worried about his daughter.二、动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。1一般现在时1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是i, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况s以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾es以辅音y结尾去y变ies2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数i am a student.we/you/ they are students.he/ she is a student.i / we/ you/ they/ like music.many people like music.i am not a student.we/you/ they are not students.he/ she is not a student.i / we/ you/ they/ dont like music.many people dont like music.are you a student.are you/ they students?is he/ she a student?do you/ they like music?do many people like music?3）一般现在时态的用法： 现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如： i get up at six every morning. he plays tennis once a week.现在的状态 例如：my mother is a teacher. she teaches english in a school.客观真理 例如：the earth goes around the sun.4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语： often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. - may i help you, sir?- yes, i bought the tv the day before yesterday, but it _.a. didnt work b. doesnt work c. wont work d. cant work解析：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。选b.2_ the bus until it _. a. get off, stops b. get off, will stop c. dont get off, stops d. dont get off, will stop解析：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not until（直到才）句型。应选c。3the 70-year-old man _ exercises in the morning. a. takes b. are taking c. took d. will take解析：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选a.2. 现在进行时 1）现在进行时的构成：am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式 v-ing现在分词的构成：一般情况+ing以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing+ing以辅音字母y结尾的单词去e+ing以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时.双写词尾字母+ing 2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数i am driving.he/she/it is working.we/you/they are doing something.i am not driving.he/she/it is not working.we/you/they are not doing anything.are you driving?is he/she/it working?are you/they doing something?3）现在进行时的用法： 1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如： she is having a bath now. 2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如： you are working hard today. kate wants to work in italy, so she is learning italian. the population of the world is growing very fast.频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：he is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如： the party is beginning at 8:00 oclock.6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。 often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1i dont think that its true. shes always _ lies. a. tell b. tells c. telling d. told解析：always在这里应现在进行时连用， 带有感情色彩， 表示讨厌。选c.2. how _ you _ with the new job?a. do, do b. do, get along c. are, doing d. are, getting on解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选d.3- are these socks yours? - no. mine _ outside on the clothes line. a. are hanging b. have hung c. hang d. hung解析：hang意为悬挂， hung意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案b、d。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 a.3一般将来时1）一般将来时的构成： 1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形 2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形 2）一般将来时的用法： 1将要发生的动作。例如： i will leave for beijing tomorrow. 2将要存在的状态。例如： this time next year i will be in japan. where will you be? 3打算要做的事。 例如： are you going to watch the film on television tonight? 3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：tomorrow next week in 2008 等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. i_ for hong kong on saturday. will you go to see me off at the airport？a. am leaving b. am left c. am going to leaving d. left解析：趋向动词leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选a。2.i_ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.a. came b. am going come c. come d. will come解析：此题虽然有every week, 但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选d。3. we chinese _ the olympic games in 2008.a. held b. shall holding c. are holding d. are going to hold解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间， 所以选用一般将来时，a、d都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型，故应选d.4一般过去时 1）一般过去时的构成： 用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况+ed以e字母结尾的辅音+d以辅音字母y结尾去y变ied重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数i was a student.we/you/ they were students.he/ she was a student.i / we/ you/ they/ liked music.many people liked music.i was not a student.we/you/ they were not students.he/ she was not a student.i / we/ you/ they/ didnt like music.many people didnt like music.were you a student.were you/ they students?was he/ she a student?did you/ they like music?did many people like music?3）一般过去时的用法：1 过去发生的动作。例如： the police stopped me on my way home last night.2 过去存在的状态。例如：they werent able to come because they were so busy.3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语： yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1 r. mott is out. but he _ here a few minutes ago.a. was b. is c. will be d. would be解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选a，2-hi, tom. -hello, fancy. i _ you were here. a.dont know b.wont think c. think d. didnt know解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语， 但是可以通过上下文语境判断出， 这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道， 你前一阵子在这儿。 所以应选a。3he promised to tell me by himself when i _.a. come b. would come c. come d. had come解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选c。5现在完成时1） 现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：主 语肯 定 式否 定 式疑 问 式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 i /we/you/ they have been here before.he/ she has been here before.i / we/ you/ they/ many people have seen the film.i /we/you/ they havent been here before.he/ she hasnt been here before .i / we/ you/ they/ many people havent seen the film.have you/ they been here before?has he/ she been here before?have you/ they/ many people seen the film?在完成时的用法：1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如: she has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:i have been a member of the party for 10 years. i have been a member of the party since 10 years ago.注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如： he has died for 3 years.(f)he has been dead for 3 years.(t)注意：现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等 have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了） have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了） 如：where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在) where has she been?(句中作指的人在)例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！-how long _ he _ a fever?- ever since last night.a. have, got b. have , had c. have, caught d. did, have 解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案d。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选b.my bowl is empty. who _ all my soup?a. drinks b. had drunk c. has drunk d. drank解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 “谁把我的汤都喝了。应选c.3. i _ you for a long time. where _ you _? a. didnt seen; did, go b. didnt see; have, gone c. havent seen; have, been d. havent seen; have gone解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。“你去哪儿了？ ”（在这段时间你不在）应选c。6、过去进行时1）过去进行时的构成： was / were +v-ing2) 过去进行时的用法： 过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如： this time last year i was living in brazil. what were you doing at 10 oclock last night?3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语： at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！daddy promised me he _ me a computer a. was bought b. had bought c bought d. would buy 解析：“爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑”。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。 选d。they said they _ do some sports if it was fine.a. were going to b. went c. would going d. were going解析：“他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。”去做运动发生在说话之后，所以应选用过去将来时，答案b不合适，“打算作某事”为“be going to do ”.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选a.7、过去完成时态1）过去完成时态的构成： 肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词 否定式：hadnt + 动词的过去分词 疑问式：had + 动词的过去分词 简略回答: yes, 主 + have/has had. no, 主 + had现在完成时的用法过去完成时的用法：1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如： she said she had seen the film 4 times. when mr li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading. by the time they arrived, the bus had left.2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: she had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. he _ in shanghai university for four years before he _ beijing.a. studied, had gone b. had studied, wentc. has studied, goes d. had studied, had gone 解析：“他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 ”。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选b。2. mary said it was at least five years since he _ a good drink.a. enjoyed b. was enjoying c. had enjoyed d. would enjoy解析：it was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选c。3. xiao pei said she _ hainan for 3 months.a. has been in b. had been in c. had been to d. had gone to解析：“小培说她去了海南三个月 ”。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选b.时态综合例题解析：-what are mr and mrs black doing ?-they _ tea in the garden. a. are drinking b. drank c. have drunk d. drink 2. my mother often asks me _early . a. get up b. got up c. getting up d. to get up 3. soon wu dong _ up with li lei, then they were neck and neck. a. taught b. caught c. bought d. brought 4. the car _and stopped at the red traffic light. a. got on b. got off c. slowed down d. picked up 5. tom _ the cd player for two weeks. a. has lent b. has borrowed c. has bought d. has had 6. -do you know _? -sorry, but if he _ back, i _ you know as soon as possible. a. when will he be back, comes, will let b. when he will be back, will come, will let c. what time will he be back, will come, let d. what time he will be back, comes, will let 7. we _ to the park if it is fine tomorrow. a. will go b. have gone c. go 8. a new shoe factory will _ in this part of the city. a. be building b. be built c. build 9. -_ all your things, tom! i hate them here and there. -ok, mom. a. put up b. put on c. put down d. put away 10. - how about going hiking this weekend? - sorry, i prefer _ rather than _. a. to stay at home, go out b. to go out, stay at home c. staying at home, go out d. going out, stay at home 解析：1.根据问句的时态现在进行时，答句时态要一致，故选答案: a 2.根据句中的谓语动词ask的固定搭配 ask sb to do sth. 故答案：d 3.根据第一句的固定动词词组 catch up with sb 及第二句的过去时态，故选答案: b 4.此题主要考查四个动词词组的掌握.根据后半句在红灯时停下来,故选答案: c 5.此题主要考查现在完成时的延续和非延续动词，根据for two weeks 时间短语。故选答案: c 6.此题主要考查宾语丛句和状语丛句的习惯用法。第一句是特殊疑问句的宾语丛句，要用陈述句语序。第二句是if 条件句。丛句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。故选答案：b 7.此题考查if 条件句的主句时态，要用一般将来时，故选答案； a 8.此题考查语态。根据全句的意思，使用被动语态。故选答案： b 9.此题考查四个动词词组put up ,张贴，举起; put on 穿上，上演； put away 把-收拾好。 根据后半句“我讨厌到处乱放”， 故选答案: d 10.此题主要考查一个固定词组：prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 故选答案：c.练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配)：1. a policeman saw two thieves _a girls mobile phone on the bus and hecaught them at once.a. to steal b. stealing c. stole d. stolen2. the chinese pingpong players will join in the match.lets _them success.a. wish b.to wish c.hope d.to hope3. he is so careless that he always _his school things at home.a. forgets b.forgot c.leaves d.left4. -who _the computer? i want to use it. -timmy. he _ it for a week.a. borrowed, has borrowed b.has borrowed, bought c.has borrowed, has kept d.bought, has borrowed5. look! one of the girls _the door.a. cleans b.is cleaning c.clean d.are cleaning6. if you dont feel well, you may just _.stopped reading b.stop reading c.stopped to read d.stop to read7. -where can we get a baseball? -lets _.a. lend jim one b.lend one to jim c.borrow one from jim d.borrow one of jim8. -my model ship doesnt work. -dont worry. ill have it _this afternoon.a. repairing b.made c.repaired d.mend9. you _wash your hands before meals.a. need b.must c.can d.may10. will you _the light? its dark in the room.a. get on b.get off c.trun on d.turn off11. my name is zhang mingjian. you may _me zhang mingjian or mr zhang.a. ask b.say c.tell d.call12. there is going to _a game in our school this afternoon.has b.have c.be d.are13. youd better_smoking. its bad for your health.a. eat up b.give up c.come up d.get up14. -how do you like this book? -i think it has nothing to_with our study.a. make b.do c.take d.hold15. -where is mr brown? i have some questions to ask him. -he _the office.a. has been to b.has been in c.has gone to d.has gone in16.the bus kept the people _for twenty minutes.a. wait b.to wait c.waiting d.waits17.i believe the scientists will_a better way to heal the disease.a. get on with b.come up with c.go on with d.catch up with18.-why do you often _this pink blouse? -because it fits me well.a. put on b.wear c.buy d.try on19. jack always runs faster than peter, but this time he _him.a. went over b.fell behind c.put off d.dropped off20. the internet _it easy to get much new information in a short time.a. finds b.makes c.feels d.takes参考答案：1-5 baccb 610 bccbc 11-15 dcbbc 1620 cbbbb二、选择最佳答案填空(动词时态)：1. we _out by that time that he_ a thief for a longtime.a. had found, had been b. had found, wasc. found, had been d. found, was2. it so happened that they_ the novel before. a. had read b. would read c. were reading d. read3. she_ for nearly two hours. a. kept talking b. kept to talk c. has kept talking d. kept to talking4. spring_ after winter.a. comes b. came c. has come d. had come5.i hear some noise in the next room. oh, yes. yo