英语语言学小抄终极版(按首字母顺序排列).doc

Alveolar is the place of articulation made with the tongue tip of blade and the alveolar ridge.A semantic model of meaning concepts and referents is known as semantic triangle.Appropriateness, one of the four components of communicative competence proposed by D. Among the six processes proposed by Halliday, verbal process may be called a process of Among the six processes proposed by Halliday, material process is also known as a process ofAn endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, According to Chomsky, a grammar is said to have two systems: four components: semantics.A sentence is a grammatical concept, intrinsic property sentence itself in terms of a prediction.A major theory in pragmatics is the theory of conversational implicature, proposed by Grice.(Accent) refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speakerA major theory in pragmatics is the theory of (conversational) (implicature), proposed by GAs the process of communication is essentially a process be regarded as a kind of (meaning) (Articulatory) phonetics studies the sounds from the speaker point of view, (Appropriateness) is the concept proposed by Hymes to refer to a learners ability A few English roots may both have free and bound (variants).A clause that takes a subject and at the same time structurally alone is known as a (finite) clause.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that unites of the Besides the inter-speaker differences in speech, there are idiolectal differences associated with Bound morphemes contain two types: roots and affixes_.Conventionally a phoneme is put in slant bars while an allophone Square brackets.Context is generally considered the knowledge shared by the (speaker) and the hearer.Compound is a process of combing two or more words into one lexical unit.Cognitive psycholinguists are concerned above all with making inferences about theCardinal vowels are established, so that a given vowel in terms of its reference to them.Chomsky defines (competence)as the ideal uses knowledge of the rule of his language.(Design) features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it Different languages have a similar level of a complexity called the Universal (Grammar) _.Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left in dichotic listening tasks.Folk etymology refers to a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting to be analogous.Foreign language learners will use their L1 knowledge this is called language (transfer).For every sentence we have two levels of structure: the (deep) structure and (surface)Firth regarded (Language) as a social process, as a means of social life, rather than simple Foreign language learners will subconsciously is called language transfer.Glides are sometimes called semivowels.Halliday proposes a theory of (metafunctions) of language, interpersonal and textual functions. Interpersonal function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addresseeIPA is the short form for both International Phonetic Association and International Alphabet.It is generally agreed that linguistics s phonologic, morphological, syntactic, and .pragmaticIf two sounds occurring in the same environment then the two sounds are in free variation.In Hallidays idea, the three related grammatical systems: transitivity, mood, and theme.If you tell someone the time instead of the price that is you violate the maxim of relationIf one studies how a certain sentence comes into the person is carrying out syntactic studies.In terms of (manner) of articulation, p and b can be classified into the category of stops.In his Handbook of phonetics, Henry between narrow transcription and broad transcription_In Katz and Postals proposal, in the dictionary provides the grammatical classification Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical affixes, such as number, person , and finitness.In machine translation, we use computers to do the translation work.In Chomskys linguistic model, the methodical component is responsible for the correct In injustice and imperfect, in- and im- are supposed to be the affix of the same morpheme.In the aspect sense relation, when a word is a hyponym of itself, it is called an (auto-hyponym)Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system and parole refers to the actualized language.Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or variable language.Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how (Morphology) is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words (Morpheme) is the basic unit of in the study of Morphology.Name five of the associative meaning categorized by Leech: (14) connotative meaning, (15) social, (16) effective, (17), reflected (18) collective.Nasalization rule read, a non-nasalized sound is transformed into a nasalized sound Once the notion of content was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into One of the design features termed as displacement means that human languages enable Of the three branches of phonetics, the articulatory phonetics auditory phonetics the acoustic One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or under extension of reference.Onomatopoeic words seem to be a convenient evidence for the bow-wow theory about Psycholinguistics is concerned with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic Phonology is the typological classification of languages according to how the sounds and sound Pass and fail are complementary antonyms.Predicate logic, also called predicate calculus, studies the internal structure Prediction analysis is to break down predictions (19) argument and predicate.Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: and .predicatePhatic communion is a term used to refer to language used for establishing an atmosphere Performative are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not variable.(Psycholinguistics) is the study of language in relation to the mind.Reference is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular(Sense) is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in (social) contexts.SEMANTIC FEATURES of a word may be used to explain sense relations.(Semantics) can be simply defined as the study of meaning.Speech Act Theory is proposed by J? Austin (1962) and J? Searle (1969).Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrased Synecdoche refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the wholeThere is plenty of evidence to show the widespread of the sort is called contrastive analysis. The reference theory of meaning which related the meaning of a word to the real world.The performative function of language can extend to control of reality as on some magical The short vowels are also (lax) vowels.The fact that constituent parts of a complex word has the identification of (stability).In Saussures view, (signifier) and (signified). And the relationship is (arbitrary).The vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the (glottal) obstruction, The (performative) function of language can extend to the control of reality The (stimulus-response) view to errors is that an error may serve as a negative stimulus The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically but to convey (meaning).Those morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, words are called (bound) morphemes.The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an (embedded) clause.The study of sounds is called (phonetics), and sound patterns is called (phonology).The most widely spread morphological changes of English are the loss and addition of (affix).The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article “a”“orange” is known as epenthesis .The paradigmatic relation, Saussure originally called Associative, is a relation The history of English lexical expansion that is characterized with heavy borrowing and word The fact that the English word strike is pronounced as sutoraiki Japanese is addition .The vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the glottal obstruction, such as The analysis of the words of the syntactical arrangement in a sentence is called pragmaticsThe tendency to choose the easier form of linguistic unit difficult is called e.To find out the distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to try to find, minimal pair, word The five associative meanings by Leech are: connotative，social, , and affective collocative.The design features of language are (1) arbitrariness，(2) duality (3) creativity, (4)displacement (5) cultural transmission and (6) context .The syllable consists of three parts: the (7) onset, the (8) nucleus and the (9) coda.The four principles in the linguistic study are (10) exhaustiveness, (11) consistency, (12) economy and (13) objectivityTo find the distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to try to find minimal -word forms Transformational rules transform deep structure of a sentence into surface structure.The constituent parts of a complex word sho