GRE阅读笔记NO4-2.doc

NO4-2 by MVT 第一篇 The evolution of intelligence among early E large mammals of the grasslands was due in 特殊短语 great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these ani- (5) mals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting fromthe differences between predator and prey led to , led toa general improvement in brain functions; how- 转折词ever, certain components of intelligence were TS(10) improved far more than others. The kind of intelligence favored by the inter-play of increasingly smarter catchers and SEincreasingly keener escapers is defined byattentionthat aspect of mind carrying con-(15) sciousness forward from one moment to the 略读（解释）next. It ranges from a passive, free-floatingawareness to a highly focused, active fixation. 1,2,3The range through these states is mediated bythe arousal system, a network of tracts converg- 特殊词汇(20) ing from sensory systems to integrating centersin the brain stem. From the more relaxed to themore vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty isincreased. The organism is more awake, more 上升vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the 特殊词汇(25) apprehension of ever more subtle signals as theorganism becomes more sensitive to its sur-roundings. The processes of arousal and concen-tration give attention its direction. Arousal is atfirst general, with a flooding of impulses in the(30) brain stem; then gradually the activation is 顺序channeled. Thus begins concentration, the hold-ing of consistent images. One meaning of intelli-gence is the way in which these images and otheralertly searched information are used in the con-(35) text of previous experience. Consciousness linkspast attention to the present and permits theintegration of details with perceived ends andpurposes. The elements of intelligence and conscious-(40) ness come together marvelously to produce dif- SE, +ferent styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of atten-tion related to escaping or chasing. Although in 让步both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the(45) production of adrenaline and norepinephrine bythe adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is pri-marily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is , primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunesthe animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not(50) experience forethought as we know it, but theanimal does experience something like it. Thepredator is searchingly aggressive, innerdirected,tuned by the nervous system and the adrenalhormones, but aware in a sense closer to human 转折 HF(55) consciousness than, say, a hungry lizards instinc- 例子tive snap at a passing beetle. Using past eventsas a framework, the large mammal predator isworking out a relationship between movementand food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails(60) and distant soundsand yesterdays unforgottenlessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility overan explosive endocrine system. 文章结构类型：全文论证一个观点型，SE均论述一个主题，没有出现however，question之类的字眼。TS：The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; how-ever, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.单词：阅读专用词汇：averse, contradiction, embarrassment, inconsistency, stand积累专业词汇：adrenaline, norepinephrine, Herbivores, carnivores, adrenal, hormones17. The author is primarily concerned with （主旨题） (A) disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores （无中生有） (B) describing a relationship between animals intelligence and their ecological roles （原文TS的改写） (C) establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterparts （只是例子，不是主旨） (D) analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores（无中生有） (E) demonstrating the importance of hormones in mental activity（文章细节L54）答案：B18. The author refers to a hungry lizard (line 55) primarily in order to（细节题） (A) demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of nonmammals (B) broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an example（没有扩展延伸） (C) make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness（原文L56-60） (D) provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators（没有提及） (E) offer an objection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness（原文没有的观点）答案：C19. It can be inferred from the passage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals discussed in the passage（推断题） (A) past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival（依据原文L32-35） (B) attention is more highly focused（依据L21-23） (C) muscular coordination is less highly developed（未提） (D) there is less need for competition among species（未提） (E) environment is more important in establishing the proper ratio of prey to predator（未提）答案：A20. The sensitivity described in lines 56-61 is most clearly an example of（line题） (A) “free-floating awareness” (lines 16-17) (B) “flooding of impulses in the brain stem” (lines 29-30) (C) “the holding of consistent images” (lines 31-32) (D) “integration of details with perceived ends and purposes” (lines 37-38) （原文yesterdays unforgotten lessons等同于L36 past attention；past events = past attention = perceived ends and purposes） (E) “silk-thin veils of tranquility” (line 64)答案：D21. The authors attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage is best described as（态度题） (A) superior and condescending（优越并且谦逊的） (B) lighthearted and jocular（不关心的，幽默的） (C) apologetic and conciliatory（歉意并慰藉的） (D) wistful and tender（热望的） (E) respectful and admiring（全文的+态度,L40 marvelously）答案：E22. The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions? （罗马数字题）I. Why is an aroused herbivore usually fearful? II. What are some of the degrees of attention in large mammals?III. What occurs when the stimulus that causes arousal of a mammal is removed? (A) I only(B) III only(C) I and II only (D) II and III only(E) I, II and III答案：C（本题有争议 ）23. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following? （ ） (A) Interplay of predator and prey文章首句改写 (B) Persistence of free-floating awareness in animals of the grasslands (C) Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded reptiles (D) Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species (E) Improvement of the capacity for memory among herbivores and carnivores答案：A24. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT（NOT题） (A) the production of adrenaline L45 (B) the production of norepinephrine L45 (C) a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli L48 (D) an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli L23 (E) an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem答案：E参考译文：在早期草原上的庞大的哺乳动物（mammal）当中，智力的演化在很大程度上是由于这些动物中在生态学上同步的（ecologically synchronized）两大群体之间的交互作用所致，一类是四出猎取食物的食肉动物（carnivore），另一类是食肉动物所捕食的食草动物（herbivore）。食肉动物（predator）和被捕食动物（prey，指食草动物）之间的差异所引起的那种交互作用，导致了大脑功能的普遍提高；然则，智力的某些组成部分要远比其它的组成部分得到更多的提高。由越来越高明的追捕者和越来越敏捷的逃跑者之间的交互作用所择取的那种智力取决于注意力（attention）那大脑中将意识从一个瞬间携带至下一个瞬间的那一部分。它的范围既包括一种被动的、虚无缥缈的意识，亦襄括一种高度专注的、主动的全神贯注。贯穿所有这些状态的范围以觉醒系统（arousal system）为中介，而所谓觉醒系统，是指由神经束（tract）构成的一个网线路结构，从诸感觉系统（sensory system）汇聚到位于脑干（brain stem）中的整合中心（integrating center）。自较为松驰的至较为活跃的状态，对新事物的敏感度会相应增加。生物体变得更为清醍，更为警觉；随着生物体对其环境变得愈发敏感，这种更为高涨的警觉性会导致生物体得以理解那些越来越微妙的信号。觉醒过程与聚精会神过程赋予动物的注意力以某种方向感。觉醒过程起初甚为笼统，因为神经冲击汹涌而来；随后，激活过程（activation）逐渐地被疏导传输出去。这样便开始了聚精会神的过程（concentration），亦即将注意力汇聚于连贯的形象之上。智力的一个含义是指这样一种方式，即生物体是否能按此方式将这些形象以及其它各种敏捷地捕捉到的信息应用于先前经验的各种相关情景之中。意识（consciousness）将过去的注意力和当前情景联系起来，致使生物体能将诸般细节与业已感觉到的目的和目标综合联系起来。智力和意识的因素绝妙地结合起来，在食肉动物和被食的动物身上形成产生了全然不同的风格。食草动物和食肉动物针对逃逸和追逐发展形成了全然不同的注意力类型。虽然在两类动物身上，觉醒过程会刺激动物通过其肾上腺（adrenal gland）产生肾上腺素（adrenaline）和去甲肾上腺素（norepinephrine），然则，在食草动物身上，其后果主要是引起惊恐；相反，在食肉动物身上，其后果主要是激发动物的攻击性。对于两者而言，觉醒过程都使动物对眼前将要发生的一切准备就绪。或许，动物是无从体验到我们所经验到的那种先见预谋，但它确能体验到某种较为近似的意识。食肉动物以四出寻觅地方式显得富于攻击性，依靠内在的因素获取指引，更由于神经系统和两种肾上的腺激素（adrenal hormones）的作用而动作谐调自如，但从某种意义上说，食肉动物的意识更趋于人类的那种意识，而与下述情形则相去甚远：比方说，一头肌肠辘辘的晰蜴出于本能对在其面前经过的甲壳虫猛咬一口。庞大的哺乳食肉动物将昔日的事件用作一参照框架，在动（movement）与食物之间建立起联系，敏感注意着寒冷小径上的种种可能性，以及远处传来的声音还有昨日那不曾遗忘的教训。被捕食的食草动物具有一种全然不同的精神状态。其谨慎防范而非四出寻觅的心态，以及笼统等待而非预谋筹划的态度，构成了两层薄如丝绸的面纱，掩隐着一个极具爆发力的内分泌系统（endocrine system）。第二篇 Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian T、-, 旧观点America was not a fluid, egalitarian society whereindividual wealth and poverty were ephemeral condi- tions. At least to argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic EPstudy of the very rich in the United States between1825 and 1850. 时间 Pessen does present a quantity of examples,together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, +to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy TSclass. Though active in commerce or the professions, 转折most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had in-herited family fortunes. In no sense mercurial, thesegreat fortunes survived the financial panics that de-stroyed lesser ones. Indeed, in several cities the 特征词wealthiest one percent constantly increased its shareuntil by 1850 it owned half of the communitys wealth. 时间Although these observations are true, Pessen over-estimates their importance by concluding from them TS、-that the undoubted progress toward inequality in thelate eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonianperiod and that the United States was a class-ridden,plutocratic society even before industrialization.文章结构类型：推翻旧观点型，第二段中的though, althoughTS：Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.单词：阅读专用词汇：ephemeral, intelligible积累专业词汇：egalitarian, plutocratic25. According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT: （NOT题） (A) They formed a distinct upper class. B2第一句的改写 (B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings. 第二段最后一句 (C) Some of them worked as professionals or in business. (D) Most of them accumulated their own fortunes. (most of the wealthy were not self-made) (E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.答案：D26. The authors attitude toward Pessens presentation of statistics can be best described as（态度题） (A) disapproving (B) shocked (C) suspicious(D) amused(E) laudatory refreshingly 正态度答案：E27. Which of the following best states the authors main point? （主旨题） (A) Pessens study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth century America. (B) Tocquevilles analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account of this period. (C) Pessens study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century. (D) The social patterns and political power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 are well documented. (E) Pessen challenges a view of the social and economic system in the United States from 1825 to 1850, but he draws conclusions that are incorrect.答案：E参考译文：显然，托克维尔（Tocqueville）错了。杰克逊执政时期的美国（JcaksonianAmerica）并不是一人流动易变的和平均主义的社会，个人的富有和贫困于其中仅是些转瞬即逝的状况。至少，伊佩森（E.Pessen）在其对1825至1850年间的美国巨富进行的那项反传统的研究中是这么论述的。佩森确实列举出大量的实例，连同某些令人耳目一新的、明晰易懂的数据，从而确定了某个极度富有阶层的存在。尽管绝大多数富豪活跃于商业或各项职业，但他们并非是白手起家（self-made），而是继承了家庭财富。这些大笔的财富由于绝未被置于活跃的流通之中，故得以经受住金融恐慌的打击而幸存下来，而较小规模的资本却被悉数摧垮。事实上，在几个城市中，最富有的百分之一的人持续不断地增加其财富份额，直至。1850年，这部分人拥了社会中一半的财富。尽管这些观察确凿无误，但佩森过高估计了它们的重要性，因为他从中得出以下两个结论：其一是十八世纪后期不容置疑的贫富分化在杰克逊时代仍在继续；其二是美国早在工业化之前已是一个充斥着阶级分化的、由富豪统治的社会。第三篇 “I want to criticize the social system, and to -show it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia VWWoolfs provocative statement about her inten-tions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly (5) been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an -aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelistconcerned with examining states of reverie andvision and with following the intricate pathways(10) of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf 转折was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a SEsatirist and social critic as well as a visionary: 特殊短语literary critics cavalier dismissal of Woolfssocial vision will not withstand scrutiny. -(15) In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by thequestions of how individuals are shaped (or de-formed) by their social environments, howhistorical forces impinge on peoples lives, howclass, wealth, and gender help to determine(20) peoples fates. Most of her novels are rooted in arealistically rendered social setting and in a TSprecise historical time. Woolfs focus on society has not been gener-ally recognized because of her intense antipathy SE(25) to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformersin her novels are usually satiric or sharplycritical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally 让步sympathetic to their causes, she portrays peopleanxious to reform their society and possessed of(30) a message or program as arrogant or dishonest,unaware of how their political ideas serve theirown psychological needs. (Her Writers Diarynotes: “the only honest people are the artists,”whereas “these social reformers and philan- (35) thropistsharbordiscreditable desiresunder the disguise of loving their kind.”) 态度Woolf detested what she called “preaching”in fiction, too, and criticized novelist 态度D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by DHL(40) this method. Woolfs own social criticism is expressed inthe language of observation rather than in direct , SEcommentary, since for her, fiction is a contem-plative, not an active art. She describes phenom- (45) ena and provides materials for a judgment aboutsociety and social issues; it is the readers workto put the observations together and understandthe coherent point of view behind them. As amoralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly(50) undermining officially accepted mores, mocking,suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirists art. Woolfs literary models were acute social ob- SE(55) servers like Checkhov and Chaucer. As she put it =in The Common Reader. “It is safe to say thatnot a single law has been framed or one stone setupon another because of anything Chaucer saidor wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorb- 转折(60) ing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, W=CHAWoolf chose to understand as well as to judge, 特殊短语to know her society root and brancha decisioncrucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.文章结构类型：全文论述一个观点型，因为首段和二段没有出现转折词汇。TS：But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary单词：阅读专用词汇：provocative, concerned with, intricate, dismissal, detest, contemplative积累专业词汇：propaganda, 17. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? （主旨题） (A) Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf （不全面，没提influence） (B) Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel (C) Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolfs Novels (D) Society as Allegory for the Individual in the Novels of Virginia Woolf (E) Virginia Woolfs Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society （TS的改写）答案：E18. In the first paragraph of the passage, the authors attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as（态度题） (A) disparaging （L5,L10-12） (B) ironic (C) facetious (D) skeptical but resigned (E) disappointed but hopeful答案：A19. It can be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because she believed that（细节题） (A) Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters (B) Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D, H, Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society (C) Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question (D) Chaucers writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers （L59-60） (E) her own novels would