2006-2013外语用初试真题汇总(回忆版).doc

2006语言学General directions: This test consists of four parts. In Part and Part please follow the directions and answer the questions as required; Part is for the short answers; and Part is essay questions(The number of words not required). You are advised to take a look at the whole test before you start writing, and plan you time. Please write in legible handwriting and write your answers on the separate answer sheets.Part : Fill in the blanks or answer the questions as required. (62 points)1. List 3 criteria by which consonants are decribed and 3 criteria by which vowels are described (1*6) , 2. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sounds (1*5). a.the voiceless velar stop b.the voiceless affricate c.the long low back vowel d.the mid central vowel e.the low front to high back vowel 3. Phonetics consists, basically, of three branches. They are , and . The first is concerned with , the second with ; and the thrid is concerned with the study of (1*6)4. is a name given to the regionally neutral accent in British English, originally based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England and characteristic of the English spoken at the public school. Until recently it was the standard form of English used in British broadcasting. It is also known as (1*2)5. Indicate the phonological processes the underlined sounds in the word below undergo. (1*3)think:impossible:slight:6. Indicate the endocentric and exocentric constructions in the string of words below.(1*4)may have been doing the students in the classroom boys and grils They are workers. 7. Indicate the sense relation between the two words in each of the following pairs. If the sense relation antonymy, indicate the type of antonymy it belongs to. (1*4) poor and rich gain and obtain planet and earth borrow and lend 8. Write out the words according to the semantic features given below.(1*4) BOVINE,MALE,ADULT PARENT(x,y)&-MALE(x) BECOME,(x,(-alive)(x) CAUSE,(x,(BECOME(y,(-ALIVE(y) 9. Use a tree diagram to indicate the phrase structure rules for the generation of the sentence below. (1*4)The workers are making digital computers.10. Indicate the subject,predicate,theme,and rheme in the sentence below. (1*4) Yesterday the thief was caught by the police. Subject: Predicate: Theme : Rheme:11. Change the following sentence into a passive one and write down the passive transformational rule.(1*4) They have constructed the bridge.12. Write down the one-,two-,and three-place predicates of the following sentenses.(1*3)1). John is a philosopher.2). George got two tickets for the play.3). Tony brought Mary an interesting novel.4). Its snowing heavily.The one-place predicate:The two-place predicate:The three-place predicate:13. A morpheme that can be a word by itself is called a while a morpheme that must be attached to another element is said to be a . Complex words typically consist of and one or more ,(as unselfishness). This process is called . (1*5)14. What are the linguistic terms for formation of the following words? (1*8) a.anak anak, iji iji b.bookcase, in-group c.empty the box, button the shirt d.lab, auto e.tunnel, fog f.donate, edit g.IPA,SARS h.cough,splash Part : (30 points)Fill in the underlined space in each of the following statements with an appropriate linguistic term. And write your answers on the answer sheet. (2*15)1. A pair of words that differ in only one sound are usually referred to as a .2. The study of the transmission of speech sounds between speakers and listeners is termed as .3. For the two sounds in to be regarded as the allophones of the same phoneme, they must bear phonetic similarity.4. The process by which one sound is influenced by its neighboring sounds is referred to as or assimilation.5. The syllable that has no is referred to as an open syllable.6. Distinctive features are offen because we can put speech sounds into two categories in relation to a distinctive feature:those with feature and those without.7. The set of arbitrarily defined vowels used as the frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages are often referred to as .8. Word order is one manifestation of relations at the syntactic level.9. can be defined as the requirement that a word of a certain word class determines the form of other words that have a syntactic relationship with it .10. are the element of a construction that are at just one level below that construction.11. According to Chomskys , language is seen as consisting of three major parts:syntax,semantics and phonology.12. After the movement of an element at the transformational stage, there will be left in the original position that can capture the deep structure information,according to one of Chomskys theories about language.13. According to Halliday,human experiences can be calssified into six 14. Both the morning starand the evening starrefer to Venus,one of the planets in the solar system,However,they differ in meaning.15. In propositional logic even when both p and q are false, the composite proposition is true.Part : Short answers (28 points)1. Arbitrarinessanddisplacementare two important design features of language. Briefly explain what they mean,preferably with examples.(2*2)2. Language may play a variety of functions. Briefly explain the following functions,preferably with examples.(3*2) a. emotive b. interpersonal3. Briefly explain the following linguistic terms.(3*4) a.diachronic b.accent c.universal features d.creole4. Briefly explain the following terms.(3*2) a .innateness b .The Cooperative PrinciplePart : Essays (30 points)1. Write a short essay and comment on the following statement. It is important that you organize you thoughts.(1*15)History in the human sense, is a language net cast backwards George Steiner (Extraterritorial, 1975)2. Answer the follwoing question. And write your answers on the answer sheet.(1*15) How are the componential aanlysis theory and sense relations between words related?2007普通语言学Part (20points)Do the items below. And write your answers on the answer sheet.1. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sounds(5 points). a. the voiceless bilabial stop b.the glottal fricative c.the long high front vowel d.the long high back rounded vowel e.the low front to high front vowel 2.Indicate the phonological processes the underlined sounds in the words below undergo.(3 points). lamb: support: thank:3. Indicate the endocentric and exocentric constructions in the strings of words beolw (2 points). important to me students and teachers eating fruits and vegetables They produce cars. 4. Tick the language unit that can be both a construction and a constituent (2 points). sentence clause phrase word morpheme 5. Tick the sound features that are distinctive(4 points). labiodental velarized aspirated voiced fricative glottal 6. Draw a tree diagram to indicate the IC Analysis of the sentence below (2 points).These personal computers are made in this factory.7. Indicate the subject,predicate,theme,and rheme in the sentence below (2 points).In that supermarket my handbag was stolen.Subject: Predicate:Theme: Rheme:Part （50 points） Fill in the underlined space in each of the following statements with an appropriate linguistic term. And write your answers on the answer sheet.1) Two sounds that never occur in the same context but bear phonetic similarity are of the same phoneme.2) The study of the production of speech sounds by speakers is termed as .3) For two sounds to be regarded as different phonemes,they must be in distribution.4) The process by which one sound in a word is influenced by its preceding sound is referred to as .5) The sound that is produced as a vowel but functions as a consonant is termed as .6) are phonological because they can distinguish different phonemes.7) is the grammatical system dealing with the content expressed in language.8) The word that occurs in a construction and those words that can replace it have relations between them.9) is a grammatical category of verbs indicating the time of an event in relation to that of another event in the narrative.10) Sentences in a language may have a , made up of layers of word groups.11) According to Chomskys , both the deep and surface structures of a sentence are related to its semantic interpretation.12) The theory that claims our way of thinking is determined by the language we are speaking is termed as the .13) According to Halliday ,the subject and the finite operator form the element in a clause as exchange.14) The purpose for which we produce an utterance on the way we intend it to be understood is termed by Austin as .15) In John is ill. He said so a moment ago over the phone. The second sentence changes the of the first one .16) A is a morpheme that cannot occur on its own as a separate word .Examples include .17) If a word is historically derived from same source as another word we say they are words .18) is a collective term for the types of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme . They are generally classified into three types . They are .19) is a term used in semantics in the classification of the types of meaning . Its main application is with reference to the emotional associations which are suggested by a lexical item .20) In semantics refers to the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items , such that the former is included in the latter . For example , .21) When a language is studied from the point of view of its historical development we call it the approach .22) is a term used to refer to the types of language which could identify speakers social scale or divisions . Part (30 points)Define the following terms . And write your answers on the answer sheet .1) deep structures2) constatives (in Austins speech act theory)3) calculability(of conversational implicatures) 4) displacement5) the cooperative principle 6) inflectionPart (50 points)Answer the following questions or discuss the following topics. And write your answers on the answer sheet .1) What are the phonological rules and how are they written?2) What are the three sub-types of antonymy? Please explain with examples for each type .3) Language could perform a variety of functions . Explain the follwing two , preferably with examples: phatic communion and metalingual.4) What are the major sources for the English vocabulary? How are the English words formed? List 5 ways of English word formation and give examples .5) Comment on the follwing statement. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality . -Edward Sapir2007年2007版本一：1，manners of articulation, places of articulation，比如 p，h，i：ei。给出音来，让你描述，所以要把胡壮麟书上的那连个表记住。2，phonological process，比如lamb，surpport，think，等，我这里就不详细说明了，要考的同学可以去翻书，时间过的太久，我也记不清楚了。3，向心结构，离心结构。4. tick out linguistic unit with construction and constituentsenctence,clause,phrasewords,morpheme这个我也是已经记不得了，自己看看得了。可以复习下construction和constituents的内容，5，有关什么distinctive， aspirated voiced，fricative等等。6，IC比如the persnal car was made in the factory.这个一定要学会如何划分。7，subject，predicate，theme，rhymein the supermarket my handbag was stolen. 复习一下相关知识点。然后是填空，我记得有同源词？halliday subject and infinite proper？-TG.chomsky deep structuresemantic。很久之前记下的。早就不知道具体意思了。还是看看相关 知识点吧。下面是六个概念，1，deep structure2, displacement3,cp4,inflection5,communicative inplicature6,constative,下面是五个大题，1， phnological process and its writing2, antonomy3,functions of language: phatic and metalingual4，构词法说出五种，5，sapir的话，发挥型题。2007版本二：第1部分：20分，考语音，给你描述几个音素，然后你把它给写下来，考distinctive features，考tree diagram，考.想不出来了。第2部分：50分的填空，25个空，都是书上的定义啊，什么什么的，给你一句话问你这是什么语言现象还是哪个理论，比如sapir-whorf hypothesis, complementary distribution.之类的，分数很大，要细心。第3部分：30分名词解释，6个。有connative, inflection, cooperative principles.死了，又忘了，等我想起来再慢慢补充吧。第4部分：50分的5个简答论述。有什么叫phonological rules(transformational-generative 里面的)，有the major sources of the english vacabulary+how do the english words form?+name five ways of the word formation with examples, 有对这句话评论“大概：there is no such two languages sufficiently similar to represent the social reality-Sapir” 明显，sapir-whorf hypothesis的第2点：linguistic relativity.又忘了.等我想起来再补充吧2008年2008版本一：三部分 每部分50分第一部分这个太郁闷了 基本上什么都有语音 6*2 语音就有12分，而且最后的两个元音的描述只给了3个条件，都没有说是lax还是tense，难道是别有深意？构词 8*1 给一个构词法，要求写出一个例子树形图 5 句子好像是“The students are doing their homework in the classroom”, 具体的词可能有出入，但是结构就是这个转化规则 4 He had finished the work. 要求改成被动句，并且写出transformational rule，这个还真不会写，妈呀离心向心 0.5*4 四个短语，写出是离心还是向心结构没办法，这个部分实在太杂，暂时想到的只有这个多，如果想起来会再补充第二部分 25*2 填空 好好看书吧，所有都要看，今年还考了转喻！可以有重点，但绝不能把后面的章节忽略第三部分 4*5 名词解释，分别是arbitrariness, transitivity, the syllable structure, deixis 最后一个很意外 2*15 简答论述 第一道：Chomsky Classical model and Standard model的不同点，我怎么想也只想到后者加入了语义，但是题中不同点是用的复数，郁闷啊郁闷，知道的请告诉我 第二道：英语大量借词的原因（至少两个）；大量借词是否因为是英语没有屈折变化？ 这个题目应该是书中没有怎么提到的，也郁闷，背了N多基础概念都没有考基本上与07年相同的就没有重复说了，大家可以去看07的回忆贴，主要是写了07年贴里没有详细说的东西，另外如果想到更多的会上来补充。好运吧！祝看贴的人好运，也祝自己好运！2008版本二：一，问答题(50分)1， 根据语音描述写出语音（10X1）Voiceless bilabial stop p High front tense unrounded vowel i: 2, 按要求举例子（10X1）Write a word that is a compound word_Write a word that is derivation_Write word that is formed by backforation_3, Give the IC analysis of the following sentence (5X1)4, Find the theme and rheme of the following sentence (5X1) 二，填空题 (25X2=50分)1The_paradigmatic_relation, Saussure originally called Associative, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure or between one element present and the others absent.2 The abstract representation of the syntactic propertities of a construction.is deep structure.3 Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.4 Reflected meaning.三，解答题 （50分）1， Defining the following terms (5X4)Arbitrariness:Deixis:Syllabus:Transitivity:2, answer the following questions (15X2)(1): the standard theory of Chomskys Transformational-Generative approach.(2): how English language changes? The lexical change of English is easier than Chinese, do you think so?2009年2009版本一：1 填空题 (主要是知识点的理解） 50分2 填空题 （ 主要是概念啊什么的） 50分3 名词解释 （5个 分别是 duality, componential analysis, paradigmatic relation,allophoneme,root)4 问答题 （1.Leech 的 seven types of meaning 2.What is the difference between subject-predicate analysis andtheme-rheme analysis) 3.4一共50分2009版本二：2009年北京语言大学外国语言学专业课语言学题回忆版普通语言学考卷分为三部分，第一部分是一些小题，主要是各章节知识的运用。第一题是给出描述写语音，一共四个，好像是两个辅音两个元音，都很简单。后面的题顺序都记不清楚了，想到那个题就写哪个吧。有一个题是写出pipe的最后一个音的distinctivefeatures并且在能决定它是一个phoneme的下面划线。这个我不知道，所以印象比较深。有一个题是给了六个词然后将它们的morpheme拆开，分别填在bound,free,derivational, inflectional的后面，词比较简单。有一个题是给出四个短语写endocentricor exocentric有一个题是给了一个句子写theme,rheme有一个题是给一句话画treediagram，每年必考 那句话好像是 someone is doing homework in the classroom. 知道的补充，我实在是想不起来了有一个题是给出了几组词写是同义词还是反义词，有obtain and gain,剩下的想不起来了，都很简单还有别的一些题，我想不起来了，一共五十分。第二部分就相当郁闷了，每一句话看着都很眼熟，但就是想不起要填什么。一共是二十五个句子，都是从书里摘出来的，把中间的一个空空出来让你填。这里面涉及到是修订版还是第三版的问题，这些句子绝对都是胡的那本书上的，但我估计不是第三版上的，当时我复习时因为拿不准到底考什么把第三版和修订版都看了n遍，笔记做了n遍，戴伟栋的书也看了，但实际上只要把修订版看好了就没有问题，所以很郁闷。有一个题让填的是diachronic我因为考前往脑子里灌的东西太多，居然写上了diacritic还很高兴，唉。不知明年怎么样，今年的反正是只看修订版就成了。这些句子考得是非常细的，有一个是calculability，压根没想到。准备了那么多都没有考到，韩礼德的理论