人教版选修七Unit 4 sharing grammar学案.doc

unit 4 sharing grammar学案单元语法：限制性定语从句(the attributive clause)学习目标：掌握定语从句用法；学会正确使用关系代词和关系副词重点语法解说： （一）关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。theboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromclassone.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。yesterdayihelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。mrliuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。limingisjusttheboy(whom)iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend. 3which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。 4that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。whereisthemanthat/whomisawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。 5whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.（二）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。thisistheboy(whom/who/that)iplayedtenniswithyesterday.thisistheboywithwhomiplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。thisisthewatch(which/that)iamlookingfor.(正)这是我正在找的手表。thisisthewatchforwhichiamlooking.(误) 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误) “介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most, each,few等代词或者数词。如：heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 （三）关系副词引导的定语从句1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。istillrememberthedaywhenifirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。shanghaiisthecitywhereiwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。thehousewhereilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。 3why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：haveyoutakendowneverythingthatmr.lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。thereislittlethaticandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：thefirstplacethattheyvisitedinlondonwasthebigben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：thisisthebestfilmthatihaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如：thisistheverydictionarythatiwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：wanghuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？whichisthet-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件t恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的毛驴。(二)以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（三）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：a.iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.我知道一个以自然景 色优美而闻名的地方。b.iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.我永远忘不了我们一起 度假的日子。iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。c.thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。（四）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。theplanethathasjusttakenoffisforparis.（定语从句）刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（同位语从句）他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定语从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位语从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。如：a.theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.b.thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位语从句）地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.总结：限制性定语从句关系词一览表先行词人物作主语who/thatwhich/that作宾语who(m)/that作定语whosewhose/of which作状语时间when（=介词+which）地点where（=介词+which）reason后why(=for+which)way后that/in which/- 预习自测题 fill in the blanks with proper relative pronouns or adverbs.(1)hangzhou is a city _ there is a beautiful lake.(2)hangzhou is a city _ has a beautiful lake.(3)can you tell me the date _ lincoln was killed?(4)can you tell me the date on _ lincoln was killed?(5)the school _ i studied had modern equipment.(6)the school _ was built last year had modern equipment.(7)this is the factory _ he visited last year.(8)this is the factory _ he once worked.(9)ill never forget the days _ we played together in the country.(10)ill never forget the days _ we spent together in the country.(11)do you know the reason_she was late?课堂检测题单句语法填空1. this is the baby_ i shall look after tomorrow. 2. the student to _ you talked just now is a good football player.3. my family climbed up the hills on the top of _ we had a picnic before.4. he still lives in the room _ window faces to the east.5. he still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city.6. he still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table.7. do you know the reason _ he did not come?8the boy _ mother is dead was brought up by his father. 当堂训练题change the underlined phrases into attributive clause1.alice had an arranged marriage._2.the other day the crying baby gave me a headache._3.the angle of the light on that fascinating photograph led to it winning first prize in a competition._4.the number of endangered animals increases year by year._5.people in need of a big loan should come to our bank._用定语从句翻译下面句子。1.现在正在建造的那幢房子将是我们的寝室。 2.你找的那位大夫在屋里。 3.我收到的那封信是我父亲写给我的。 4.我们要做的就是每天练习。 5.这就是我住过五年的地方。 课后练习题一、there was a time 1 _i was tired of learning english and disliked to speak english. and this is the reason 2 _my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an english club before i went to senior high school. when i first came to the club, 3 _i met many strangers, i missed my parents very much. so i packed up my things and wanted to go home. fortunately, my guide, 4 _teacher was li yang, communicated with me face to face, from 5 _i gained some useful instructions. he also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other. gradually i adapted to the life there. every day i would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6 _we did. my father and the guide 7 _encouraged me to fall in love with english should be appreciated. now i feel it interesting to learn english, into 8 _i put my entire energy. every day i will read my words and passages aloud. in class i will join in english discussions. before i go to sleep, i will recall my passages, through 9 _i can memorize a large number of new words. 10_ _ our english teacher says, “as long as we form the habit of learning english every day and have perseverance, we will conquer english sooner or later.” 二、单项填空。1. was it midnight _ you fell asleep while reading, with the candle still burning? a. whenb. that c. which d. /2. the seventeenth century was one _ many significant (重大的) advances were made in both science and philosophy. a. which b. in that c. in which d. at which3. the speed _ light travels is said to be the maximum in the universe. a. in which b. from which c. by which d. at which4. government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations _ english is used. a. whenb. thatc. how d. where5. the visitor asked the guide to take his picture_ stands the famous tower. a. that b. wherec. whichd. who6. we often talked of the things and persons _we remembered from school. a. who b. what c. that d. which三、 根据句意用定语从句完成句子。1. 我想带走你昨天给我看的那本书。i want to take away the book _ _.2. 那天上午就是那样，事事不顺心。 it was the sort of morning _ _.3. 你认识明天要给我们作报告的那位同志吗？ do you know the comrade _ _?4. 那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。the two lost boys happened to come into a cave_ _.5. 伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。 galileo lived at a time _ _. 6. 国内外的所有中国人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。 all the chinese, at home and abroad, will forever remember the date _. 7. 这就是我们两年前访问的那家工厂。this is the factory _ _. 8. 他们在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。they worked in a factory _ _. 参考答案1.预习自测题(1)where(2)which/that(3)when(4)which(5)where(6)which/that(7)which/that(8)where(9)when(10)which/that(11)why2.课堂检测