学译林版选修六Unit4Section4Grammar and writing学案（14页）.doc

2018-2019学年度译林版选修六unit4helping people around the world section4grammar and writing学案虚拟语气()语法初识原句感知自主探究if you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.he looks as if he had seen a ghost.he looks as if he were an artist.if only the alarm clock had rung.if only i were you!i wish he had visited us last night.i would rather (that) i had not seen it.i would rather you painted the wall green next time.i suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.it is time that the children went/should go to bed.(1)句中从句的谓语动词为had asked，是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气；主句的谓语动词为would know，是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。(2)由句可以看出，as if从句和if only后的句子常用虚拟语气。表示对过去的虚拟用过去完成时，如句；表示对现在的虚拟用一般过去时(be动词常用were)，如句。(3)由句可以看出，wish和would rather后的宾语从句中常用虚拟语气。表示对过去的虚拟用过去完成时，如句；would rather后接的宾语从句中若表示对将来的虚拟用一般过去时，如句。(4)在表示建议、命令、要求等意义的词如suggest, order，command, require等词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词常用(should)动词原形，如句。(5)由句可以看出，在句型“it is time that .”中，从句的谓语动词既可以使用一般过去时，也可以使用“should动词原形”。语法剖析语法点一错综时间条件句当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。if you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.如果你刚才听了我的建议，你现在就好多了。if he were free today, we would have sent him to beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们就派他去北京了。即时演练1单句语法填空(江苏高考改编)if it had_not_been (not be) for his invitation the other day, i should not be here now.(北京高考改编)maybe if i had_studied (study) science, and not literature then, i would be able to give you more help.(天津高考改编)if he had spent more time practicing speaking english before, he would/should/could/might_be (be) able to speak it much better now.if you had_studied (study) hard before, you would_be (be) a college student now.if i were (be) you, i would have_taken (take) his advice.语法点二含蓄虚拟条件句有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表达出来，而是暗含在单词、短语或上下文中，这时需要根据句中所表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词来判断此时需要采用的形式。常用词或短语有：without, but for, or, otherwise等。but for her help, they couldnt have run over the mountain in such a short time.要不是她的帮助，他们不会在那么短的时间内翻过那座山。i was ill that day.otherwise, i would have taken part in the sports meeting.我那天病了。否则，我就参加运动会了。he must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.他一定去过那儿，否则他决不会如此了解那个地方。即时演练2(1)单句语法填空(江苏高考改编)many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but_for thomas edison.(重庆高考改编)without his wartime experiences, hemingway wouldnt_have_written (not write) his famous novel afarewelltoarms.(安徽高考改编)it is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.(2)完成句子要是没有你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。but for your help, we couldnt_have_succeeded.她感到不舒服，不然她不会那么早离开会场。she wasnt feeling well.otherwise she wouldnt_have_left the meeting so early.语法点三虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用1.在宾语从句中的应用(1)wish后的宾语从句。时间谓语动词的虚拟形式对现在的虚拟一般过去时(be用were)对将来的虚拟would/could/might动词原形对过去的虚拟过去完成时i wish (that) i were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.我希望我是一只小鸟能在天空自由飞翔。i wish (that) i had met that film star yesterday.我希望昨天见到那个影星了。即时演练3单句语法填空(天津高考改编)i wish i had_been (be) at my sisters wedding last tuesday, but i was on a business trip in new york then.(陕西高考改编)ellen is a fantastic dancer. i wish i danced (dance) as well as her.i wish i had_slept (sleep) longer this morning, but i had to get up and come to class.(2)在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去时来表示对现在或将来的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。his mother would rather he were a famous star.他的妈妈宁愿他是一个明星。tian wenhua would rather (that) she had not let her soninlaw work in her company.田文华宁愿没有让自己的女婿在自己的公司里工作。即时演练4单句语法填空(陕西高考改编)we would rather our daughter stayed (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.i would rather they didnt_hear (not hear) of the news.i would rather i had_returned (return) the book yesterday.(3)在表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语用“should动词原形”，should可省略。一坚持：insist二命令：order, command三建议：suggest, propose, advise四要求：request, require, demand, askthe doctor advised that he (should) change his job.医生劝他换工作。名师点津suggest表“暗示，表明”，insist表“坚持认为”时，不用虚拟语气。the smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。the man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他没有偷钱。即时演练5(1)单句语法填空(陕西高考改编)my mom suggests that we (should)_eat (eat) out for a change this weekend.(浙江高考改编)eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam (should)_be (be) at the age of six months old.(2)完成句子医生建议病人立即被送往医院。the doctor suggested that the patient (should)_be_sent to hospital without delay.她坚持要预订座位。she insisted that the seats (should)_be_booked in advance.那位年轻人坚持说他从未见过那个钱包。the young fellow insisted that he had_never_seen the wallet.天空中的乌云表明了即将要下雨了。the dark clouds in the sky suggested that it_was_going_to rain.2在主语从句中的应用(1)“it is important (necessary, strange, natural, a pity等)that从句”句型中，从句的谓语动词常用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。it is necessary that i (should) return it right now.我有必要马上把它还回去。its a pity that he (should) have failed in the exam.他考试竟没有及格，真是遗憾。(2)“it is ordered(suggested，requested，required，proposed等)that从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。it is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language.学生们被要求必须学一门外语。 即时演练6单句语法填空it is advised that the meeting (should)_be_put (put) off till next week.it is strange that he (should)_wear (wear) a coat on so hot a day.its strange that he (should)_have_acted (act) toward his parents like that.3在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用在表示建议、命令、要求、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。这类名词有：advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire等。he made the demand that we (should) go at once.his demand was that we (should) go at once.他要求我们马上去。即时演练7(1)单句语法填空the requirement is that every student (should)_donate (donate) one or two books.his suggestion that we (should)_send (send) for an engineer to find out what is wrong with the machine sounds reasonable.(2)合并句子we all agreed to his suggestion.he suggested our going to dalian for sightseeing.we all agreed to his suggestion that_we_(should)_go_to_dalian_for_sightseeing.this is my desire.we should not quarrel over such things.my desire is_that_we_(should)_not_quarrel_over_such_things.语法点四虚拟语气的其他用法1.even if (though), as if (though)从句以及if only后的句子常用虚拟语气。时间谓语动词的虚拟形式对过去的虚拟had过去分词对现在的虚拟一般过去时(be动词常用were)对将来的虚拟would/could/might动词原形he treats the little girl as if she were his own daughter.他对待这个小女孩就像她是自己的亲生女儿一样。if only i had seen the film!我要是看了那部电影多好啊！名师点津even if (though)如果叙述的是事实，as if(though)如果有明显的迹象表示“有可能实现的事实”时，不用虚拟语气。it is so cloudy.it looks as if it is going to rain.阴天了，似乎要下雨。即时演练8(1)单句改错if only i take your advice.takehad_takeneven if he was here, he couldnt solve the problem.waswerehe speaks chinese so fluently as if he had been a chinese.had_beenwere(2)单句语法填空(重庆高考改编)it was john who broke the window. why are you talking to me as if i had_done (do) it?the picture exhibition bored me to death.if only i had_not_gone (not go) to it.2it is (high/about) time that .结构中，从句谓语动词要用过去时或用“should动词原形(但should不可省略)”来表示虚拟语气。it is (about) time that we had/should have a holiday.是我们该度假的时候了。it is high time that you taught/should teach him a lesson.你该教训一下他了。即时演练9单句语法填空its high time we turned/should_turn (turn) our attention to this problem.oh, my god! it is high time i caught/should_catch (catch) the last bus back home.建 议 信技法指导建议信是针对某事向收信人提出建议和忠告的一种文体。建议信有可能是写给个人就遇到的某个问题提出自己的看法；也可能是写给某个组织或机构就改进其服务提出建议或忠告。建议信要写明写信的原因、建议的内容、提出建议的理由，提出的理由要合情合理，语气一定要和缓。1建议信的结构：(1)首段：表明写作意图。陈述事由，简单介绍自己，注意语气。(2)主体段落：提出具体建议。同时用事实来证明建议的正确性和必要性。(3)尾段：对提出的建议进行总结。2建议要简明扼要，论述要符合逻辑。在表达自己的建议时要有的放矢、切中要害，力求简明扼要。而且在说理的过程中要尽量站在对方的角度客观分析问题，努力做到逻辑分明，理由充分，提出自己实际可行的合理化建议。3语气要委婉、中肯。在提出自己的建议时要避免以说教的口气强加于人，而要注意分寸、以理服人。因此要注意选用合适的词汇或句型来委婉地提出自己的建议以便对方参考。黄金表达1im writing to give some suggestions to improve .2these are my suggestions and i hope .3i would be grateful if you can take my suggestions into consideration.4it is time we put all our great plans into practice!5we shall spare no effort to .6for the benefits of . we should go all out to .7it is the call of our nation that we take action to .8though i am a common person, i feel it my responsibility to call on all people to .9i hope they will be helpful.10looking forward to your reply.写作规范题目要求假如你是李华，请根据下表内容给中国野生动物保护协会cwca (china wildlife conservation association) 的会长写一封建议信。问题1990年藏羚羊的数量大约为100万只，现在只剩不到10万只，数量急剧减少原因为了获取藏羚羊的皮毛，牟取暴利，非法捕杀藏羚羊仍然时有发生建议利用贵协会的影响力加大对藏羚羊保护的宣传力度；增加用于藏羚羊保护的资金；建议贵协会派出一些志愿者来协助保护藏羚羊注意：词数100左右。三步作文法第一步：搜索词汇1减少decrease2羚羊 antelope3措施 measure4提供 provide5保护 protect6志愿者 volunteer7结果 as_a_result8牟取暴利 make_great_profits第二步：由词造句1据报道，为了获取藏羚羊的皮毛，很多藏羚羊被非法捕杀。it_is_reported_that too many tibetan antelopes are being hunted and killed illegally for their fur.(it作形式主语)as_is_reported,_too many tibetan antelopes are being hunted and killed illegally for their fur.(as引导非限定性定语从句)2我们必须立刻采取措施解决目前的问题。immediate measures must_be_taken to solve the present problem.we must_take_measures to solve the present problem immediately.3我建议派一些志愿者去那儿协助保护藏羚羊。i suggest that some volunteers (should)_be_sent there to help protect the tibetan antelopes.my suggestion is that_we_(should)_send some volunteers there to help protect the tibetan antelopes.第三步：连句成篇dear president，im writing to give some suggestions to further protect the tibetan antelopes.as is often reported, too many tibetan antelopes are being hunted and killed illegally for their fur.by selling the fur, the illegal hunters can make great profits.as a result, the number of the tibetan antelopes is decreasing rapidly from about 1,000,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 at present.immediate measures must be taken to solve the present problem.first, the importance of protecting the tibetan antelopes should be publicized through your association.second, would you provide more money for the conservation of the tibetan antelopes？last but not least, i suggest that some volunteers be sent there to help protect the tibetan antelopes.these are my suggestions and i hope they could mean something for a better future of the tibetan antelopes.looking forward to your reply.yours sincerely，li hua.单句语法填空1last week, peter would_have_played (play) in the national football match but for his knee injury.2we didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we would_have_telephoned (telephone) him.3it was the drug, not the disease, that killed the boy.he would be still alive today if he hadnt_taken (take) that drug.4there was a concert given by jay chow yesterday. how i wish i had_had (have) a chance to go.5the man insisted that he hadnt_stolen (not steal) the money.6it is time that the government took/should_take (take) measures to protect the rare birds and animals.7the order is that everyone (should)_give (give) a fiveminute talk in class.8he talked as if he had_been (be) in the usa for many years.9if only you had_told (tell) me the truth before.10without sunlight, peoples life would_be (be) different from today.11id rather you had_seen (see) the film yesterday.12his smile suggested that he had_succeeded (succeed) in this exam.13it is necessary that we (should)_clean (clean) the room every day.14it is required that middle school students (should)_take (take) at least one hour exercise every day.15his suggestion that you (should)_try (try) once more sounds reasonable.语法与写作(用虚拟语气完成下列小作文)朋友们已建议应为玛丽举行一个生日聚会。昨天晚上当所有的工作完成之后，我本应该去参加聚会的。据说玛丽认为昨天能遇见我就好了。如果昨晚我参加了聚会，一切都会不一样。是我该向她道歉的时候了，我真心希望我能做点什么来安慰她。我宁愿现在就去。my friends had made a proposal that we (should)_hold a party for marys birthday.with all the work finished, i should_have_gone_to the party last night.it was said that mary wished she had_met me yesterday.if i had_gone_to the party last night, everything would_have_changed. its time i made_an_apology to her.i sincerely wish that i could_do_something to comfort her.id rather i went now.对应学生课下能力提升(十五).单句语法填空1johns pale face suggested that he was (be) ill, and his parents suggested that he (should)_have (have) a medical examination.2though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing had_happened (happen) to her while facing her friends and relatives.3it is high time that you had/should_have (have) an operation on your heart at once.4but for their help, we could_not_have_finished (not finish) the program in time.5it is essential that students (should)_get (get) themselves prepared for the coming future.6if my teachers hadnt trained me strictly, things wouldnt_be (not be) going so smoothly now.7the officer ordered that the soldiers (should)_hide (hide) themselves at once.8look at the trouble im in! if only i had_followed (follow) your advice.9how i wish every family had (have) a large house with a beautiful garden!10without music human life would_be (be) quite different today.阅读理解here on the island of demesne, the humans call us “clones”. i call myself elysia, because thats what dr. lusardi told me to call myself. i started to exist just weeks ago. but i am a sixteenyearold girl with no soul (灵魂). i know nothing of my first, the girl i was cloned from.we entered a private room, just me, the fancy lady mrs. bratton, and marisa.the fancy lady pushes me with one of her fingers as one might poke (戳) a piece of fruit at the market. she gently pokes my flesh. she presses her hands against my back to test its firmness.“shes attractive，” she says.marisa warns her, “mrs. bratton, she is a beta (a new product being tested by users). dr. lusardi has not perfected the teen line yet.”“i guess that will be reflected (体现) in the price，” says mrs. bratton.“of course，” marisa says. “dr. lusardi will be thrilled to know someone is willing to take a chance on a teen beta.”mrs. bratton looks at me, “whats your name, dear？”“elysia，” i say.“i think you might make a wonderful addition to our household, elysia. were so badly missing a teenage girl ever since astrid, my eldest, went off to biome university，” she says sadly.“congratulations，” i say, because i know thats the appropriate thing to say to a parent whose child has studied in a wellknown university. “you must be very proud.”mrs. brattons face brightens. “i am! but astrids so hardworking that she seldom comes back to visit us. we miss her a lot. would you like to come to my family？”“yes, maam，” i say.marisa sends me back into the store when she finishes the negotiations (协商) with mrs. bratton. i am to pick out some nice clothing to take to my new home, where i shall serve my new owner.语篇解读：本文是记叙文。文章节选了一个科幻故事的片段：一位母亲打算从商店购买一位克隆少女。1after entering the private room, the fancy lady _.amakes the introductionsbchecks the clones qualitycoffers some fruit to the guestsdexchanges greetings with others解析：选b细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“the fancy lady pushes me . to test its firmness”可知，进入房间之后，这位女士开始检查这个克隆人的质量。2why is mrs. bratton so proud?aastrid studies very hard.bshe is going to visit astrid.cshe can buy something at the store.dher daughter astrid has entered biome university.解析：选d推理判断题。根据倒数第三至五段可知，当听到elysia说恭喜后，本因女儿离开家而难过的mrs. bratton顿时开心起来，由此推测她是为女儿考入名校而感到自豪。3who will be elysias new owner?adr. lusardi.bmarisa.cmrs. bratton. dastrid.解析：选c细节理解题。通读全文可知，检查克隆人elysia质量的mrs. bratton将成为她的新主人。4where does this text probably come from?aa research paper.ba personal diary.can advertisement.da science fiction story.解析：选d文章出处题。本文主人公是elysia是一位会说话的克隆人，故本文可能选自某科幻故事。.任务型阅读smoggy weather has become common in china. but these days, air pollution levels in the northeastern city of harbin surpassed the previous record levels.the city was essentially shut down after pm2.5, fine particulate (微粒的) pollution that is considered dangerous, reached levels of 1,000 micrograms per cubic meter 1._ schools, motorways and an airport were closed on tuesday as visibility in some areas of the city dropped to less than 10 meters.2_ it stated that there is “sufficient evidence” that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. 3._ moreover, its said that exposure has increased significantly particularly in “rapidly industrial countries with large populations”on the chinese social media site weibo, many users complained about the pollution and shared their concerns. 4._ nowadays, there is a sarcastic play on the expression “serve the people”， as the two have a similar pronunciation.“5._ there wont be a sudden outbreak of symptoms, but normally three to five days after the smoggy weather occurs, there is a peak in the number of people seeing doctors，” deng ying, a doctor at the second affiliated hospital of harbin medical university was quoted as saying.athe impact of air pollution on people will be grad