语法复习教案.doc

I. 基本句型：英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但其实只有五种基本句型。所有英语句子都可以看成是这五种基本句型的扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这些句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1. SV (主动) e.g. The moon rose. e.g. What he said does not matter. e.g. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。2. SVC（主动表） e.g. Everything looks different. e.g. The flowers smell sweet. e.g. The trouble is that they are short of money.3. SVO（主动宾） e.g. He enjoys reading. e.g. Who knows the answer? e.g. All of us believe that you are an honest man.4. SVOiOd（主动间宾直宾） e.g. I showed him my pictures. e.g. He bought a present for his wife. e.g. I told him that the bus was late.5. SVOCo（主动宾宾补） e.g. We found the hall full. e.g. He makes his parents happy. e.g. My mother told me to close the door.Exercises: Point out the pattern of each sentence:1. The boy gave me a letter. （主动间宾直宾）2. What is under discussion now is how they could solve the problem.（主动表）3. Fools seldom differ.（主动）4. They were sitting before the fireplace. （主动）5. Walls have ears.（主动宾）6. The parents consider the child a genius. （主动宾宾补）7. Has he taken a seat? （主动宾）8. Ann made a beautiful doll for her daughter. （主动间宾直宾）9. We believe Tom to be a fine player. （主动宾宾补）10. You should dress warmly (because the weather forecast says the weather will remain cold for S V A S V (A) the next few days).II. 动词的时态和语态：（I）动词的时态：1. 一般现在时 Notice: l always和一般现在时连用，表明对某一经常发生的动作或行为的不满。 e.g. They are always quarrelling. e.g. He is always complaining about something.l 表示预先安排好将要发生的动作。e.g. The bus leaves in 10 minutes.e.g. School finishes in mid-July.e.g. When does the exhibition close?l 代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。e.g. Call me as soon as you get there.e.g. We will go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow.e.g. I cant come unless my brother agrees.2. 一般过去时3. 现在进行时4. 过去进行时5. 现在完成时：have done sth Notice: 瞬间性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用：for five days, since，但瞬间性动词的否定式可以连用。 e.g. He has died for ten years. 但可以说：He has died. e.g. I have borrowed the book since I came here. 但可以说：I have borrowed the book. e.g. He has not come to work for a week. e.g. I havent heard from him since last year.6. 现在完成进行时：have been doing sth Notice: 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 现在完成时表示一个动作在过去发生并持续到现在，强调发生在过去的一个动作对现在产生的影响，而现在完成进行时强调一个动作从过去发生，一直持续到现在，并有可能再继续下去。 e.g. She has lived in this house since 1960. e.g. John has just left.（说明他现在不在这儿） e.g. How long has it been raining? e.g. Ive been working on my composition all morning.7. 过去完成时：had done sth 表示过去某一时间前完成的动作，即过去的过去 e.g. He had learned Chinese before he came here last year.8. 过去完成进行时：had been doing sth 表示动作在过去某一时间前开始直到那个时间 e.g. They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came.9. 一般将来时：l will / shall do sthl be going to do sthNotice：I think it is going to rain. 不能说：I think it will rain.l be to do sth 表示按“日程”将要发生的动作e.g. There is to be a test in the tenth week.e.g. I am to meet my parents at the airport this afternoon.l be about to do sth 正要、刚要做某事I was about to leave when the phone rang.动词现在进行时：come, go leavee.g. His brother is coming next week.l 动词现在时：见一般现在时第2点10. 过去将来时11. 将来进行时：shall / will be doing sth12. 过去将来进行时：should / would be doing sth，通常用在宾语从句中。13. 将来完成时：shall / will have done sthe.g. We will have learned 2000 new words by the end of this term. 14. 过去将来完成时：should / would have done sth, 通常用在宾语从句和虚拟语气中。 e.g. We hoped we should have moved into our new house by the end of the month. e.g. I would have finished the work if you had helped me. (II) 动词的语态：主动语态和被动语态被动语态的时态变化： Present Tense: is / am / are done Past Tense: was/ were done Present Continuous Tense: is / am / are being done Past Continuous Tense: was / were being done Future Tense: will be done Past Future Tense: would be done Present Perfect Tense: have / has been donee.g. The mountain climbing has been cancelled because of the rain Past Perfect Tense: had been donee.g. The window had been painted white before the storm came. Past Future Tense: would be done Past Future Perfect Tense: would have been donee.g. He said that his book wouldnt have been done by the end of the year. 他说他的书到年底完不了。（过去将来完成时） If you do this, you are certain to be found out. (the passive voice of infinitive) We congratulated him on his being elected. (the passive voice of gerund) Great care was taken of the children. = Children were taken great care of. Much attention must be paid to reading. = Reading must be paid much attention to. A well-dressed lady was seen to go into a jewelry shop a few minutes ago. (Object Complement of Causative Verbs and Sensational Verbs)Notice:l 及物动词才有被动语态l 联系动词无被动语态，不能说：The song is sounded beautiful.l get + done型被动语态（通常表示动作的结果，而非动作本身，也常用于表示突然发生、未曾料到的事态）e.g. The ship got damaged by the storm.e.g. The boy got hurt while playing football.l 习惯上用于被动语态的句型： It is believed that 人们相信 It is decided that 大家决定 It is hoped that 希望 It is remembered that 记住 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is suggested that 有人建议 It is thought that 人们认为 It is known that 众所周知 It is done. 完成了。l 形式主动，意思被动：e.g. The place is worth visiting.e.g. My computer needs / wants / requires repairing = My computer needs / wants / requires to be repaired.e.g. Your suggestion deserves considering = Your suggestion deserves to be considered.e.g. Tickets for the concert sold out in an hour.e.g. My life is ruined and I suppose I only have myself to blame.e.g. In such hot weather milk wouldnt keep long. 在这样炎热的气候下，牛奶不能长期保鲜。l 起来怎么样e.g. Nylon washes easily.e.g. This vegetable cooks well.e.g. This metal cuts easily.e.g. The pen writes smoothly.e.g. The poem reads beautifully.e.g. Damp clothes iron easily.Exercises:1. An accident happened on this road last week.2. The new novel sells well.3. So far, the moon has been visited by man already.4. A lot of things are being done by people to save the little girl now.5.The doctor hasnt been sent for yet.6.The monkey was seen to jump off the tree.7. It was reported yesterday that the murderer had been arrested.8.It is believed that the earth is round.9. Do you think that the bridge will be completed in a year?10. Great changes have taken place in China since the Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 11.Why does Mary look so unhappy? She has been laughed at by her classmates.12. It hasnt been decided whether she will get her work in the hospital.13. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.14.How long have you been employed at this job? Since 1990. 15. John and Mary got married last year.III. 动词的语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气(I) 祈使语气： e.g. Open the door please! e.g. Study hard and / then you will pass the exam. e.g. Study hard or you will not pass the exam(II) 虚拟语气1. if引导的条件虚拟语气：l 现在行为l 过去行为l 将来行为lNotice：l 混合虚拟语气l 倒装句Exercises:1) If I were you, I would consider their proposal.2) It is good that Tom reminded me about the party. I would have forgotten if he hadnt mentioned it.3) Had you listened to me, you wouldnt have failed the exam.4) Id have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I had had your address.5) If his uncle were still alive, he would be a hundred years old today.6) If you were to come / should come tomorrow, I would have time to see you.7) You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.8) Had I spoken to him earlier, the accident wouldnt have happened.2. wish 3. as if / as though4. if only5. 定语从句 It is (just / high) time that sb did sth / that sb should do sth（其中should不能省略） Cf. It is time for sb to do sth6. suppose, supposing e.g. Suppose / Supposing the world were flat, what do you think would happen?7. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气：l 主语从句（it形式主语）：见教材P 27l 宾语从句：见教材P 27l 表语从句：见教材P 28l 同位语从句8. lest：以免，唯恐 e.g. He ran away lest he (should) be caught.9. 情态动词 + have done sthl must have done sth (三种否定形式)l may / might have done sthl should / ought to have done sthl could have done sthExercises: 1) I think its necessary that they (should) be punished seriously according to the international law. 2) What do you think of his proposal that improvements (should) be made in the old type of heater？3) One of the requirements for a fire is that the material (should) be heated to its burning temperature.4) He is a stupid man. But he acts as though he were a wise man.5) Look at the clock！Dont you think it is about time we went home / should go home？6) We demanded that we be informedof any change in the plan.7) Its necessary that he have a recognized qualification.8) If only you hadnt toldhim what I said!Everything would have been all right.9) He makes a note of the assignment lest he should forget it.10) I wish youwould not interrupt when Im talking on the phone.11) I didnt go to the football match, but I do wish Ihad been there.IV. 非谓语动词1. I want to see the film.2. Seeing is believing.3. Hearing the news, the woman cried.4. Her spoken English is not good.I) 非谓语动词分四种：l 不定式(to do)和不带to的不定式(do)，即动词原形：to write / writel 动名词：writingl 现在分词：writingl 过去分词：written也可说有三种：l 不定式：to write / write l -ing形式：writingl -ed形式：writtenII) 非谓语动词的时态和语态 非谓语动词时 态语 态否定形式不定式一般时：to write进行时：to be writing完成时：to have written一般时：to be writtennot to write-ing形式一般时：writing完成时：having written一般时：being written完成时：having been writtennot writing-ed形式一般时：writtennot writtenIII) 不定式在句中的功能：功 能例 句1. 作主语：当主语较长时，用it作形式主语To master a language is not an easy thing.To teach English is my favorite.It is necessary for you to have a good sleep before the test.2. 作宾语：l V + to dol adj + to dol V + wh-word + to doI like to help others if I can.Youd better go there now. I am afraid to go there.Have you decided where to go for a picnic?3. 作宾语补足语：l 一般的行为动词如want, ask, order使役动词如let, make, have （get例外）后的宾补用不带to的不定式l 感官性动词如see, watch, look at, find, hear, listen to, feel等后的宾补用不带to的不定式We expect you to be with us.The doctor advised me to quit smoking.Father had my brother wash the car today.Mother got the boy to buy some salt.I heard him speak in the next room.(He was heard to speak in the next room.)The boss made him do the heavy work.(He was made to do the heavy work.)4. 作表语What I should do is to finish the task soon.The most urgent thing is to see a doctor.5. 作定语：通常放在被修饰词的后面I have no desire to travel. (have sth to do)He is always the last one to leave the office. (被修饰词前有序数词)He is the best one to do the job. (被修饰词前有最高级)6. 作状语：可表示原因、目的和结果I am glad to see you. （原因）He got up early to catch the first bus. （目的）He was too tired to walk. （结果）IV) -ing形式在句中的功能：功 能例 句1. 作主语 Making experiment is one way of learning.Being invited to the party is a great honor for me.2. 作宾语：l V + doingl prep. + doingl 短语动词+doingHe suggested having a meeting at once.He left the room without being noticed.He decided to give up smoking.3. 作宾语补足语：l 感官性动词如see, watch, look at, find, hear, listen to, feell 使役动词have, get, keep, leavel 比较感官性动词和使役动词后补足语的不同形式When I got home, I saw him watching TV.You cant have / get your son studying the whole day.They kept the fire burning to make the room warm.Dont leave the tap water running.4. 作表语My job is training new workers.5. 作定语：-ing形式单独作定语时，通常为前置定语，-ing形式短语作定语时，通常为后置定语，相当于一个定语从句Ive tried every way to comfort the crying girl.What an exciting football game!The man speaking at the meeting is our general manager.(=The man who is speaking at the meeting is our general manager.)6. 作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果，相当于一个状语从句 Notice: 此种用法，前后主语一定要一致Seeing me come to her, she stood up. （时间状语）Having been shown around the library, we were taken to the lab.（时间状语）Having finished the work, he went home. （时间状语）Being ill, he couldnt go to work. （原因状语）Having enough time, I can do the work better. （条件状语）The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. （伴随状语）The war broke out, killing many people. （预料中的结果状语）V) 不定式to do和-ing形式的比较：l 有些动词或词组后只能用-ing形式作宾语，而不能用不定式，如： admit，advise, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, propose, resist, risk, suggest, give up, put off, cant help, feel like等。 介词后用-ing形式，但be about to do sth例外 It is no use / good doing sth, have difficulty / trouble doing sth, spend / waste time doing sth, there is no point (in) doing sth, it is waste of time / money doing sthl 有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语，而不能用-ing形式，如：want, agree, choose, decide, hope, wish, plan, prepare, refuse, manage, promise, offer等l 有些动词后面即可用不定式，也可用-ing形式，意思几乎无差别，如：like, start, begin, continuel 有些动词后面即可用不定式，也可用-ing形式，但意思不同，如：remember, forget, regret, mean, try, stop, go on, prefere.g. He has forgotten to meet her. 他忘了要去见她。e.g. He has forgotten meeting her last year. 他忘了去年曾见过她。e.g. We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.e.g. I regretted mentioning it.e.g. I mean to go and nothing can stop me.e.g. His words meant putting off the meeting.l 有些短语中的to为介词，不是不定式。be used to, look forward to, be devoted to, be dedicated toExercises:1. I didnt begin reading / to read until she came.2. After reading the text, the teacher went on to explain the new words.3. He said nothing but went on working.4. They stopped to take a few pictures.5. They stopped taking pictures and had a rest.6. I remember turning the lights off before we came out.7. We should get him to see a doctor.8. She is always the first student to hand in the homework.9. Turning around, she saw Tom crying.10. He knocked at the door loudly, trying to wake up his wife.11. When he got the news, he felt like laughing.12. Police are advising fans without tickets to stay away.13. Having answered all the letters he received, he felt happy.14. Having been questioned for 30 minutes, he was very angry.15. The sun shines in the sky, sending out amounts of light and heat.VI) -ed形式在句中的功能：功 能例 句1. 作宾补l 感官性动词l 使役动词There was a person who saw the man killed.They had never heard English spoken before.If you want to speak, you must make yourself understood.We had the photos taken when we visited Paris.He kept the door locked when he was away.2. 作定语：l 前置定语l 后置定语，相当于一个定语从句Once I have made a considered decision, I will not change mymind.The store sells used books.He likes reading the novels written by Dickens.He ate up the cake made by his mother.3. 作状语，相当于一个状语从句Notice: 此种用法，前后主语一定要一致Seen from the distance, the mountain looks like an elephant.Given more time, I can do the work better.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.We went home exhausted.Unless asked to answer the question, you shouldnt speak in class.-ing形式和-ed形式的区别：l -ing形式表示主动，-ed形式表示被动l -ing形式表示动作正在进行，-ed形式表示动作已经完成Notice: 做练习时要分清楚谓语动词和非谓语动词。Exercises:1. The cars parking in the fire lane will be ticketed.2. The rice growing in this area is a special kind.3. I got to know him while working in the company.4. Being so excited, I couldnt fall asleep.5. Cold rain was falling, mixed with snow.6. Dont let me catch you doing that again.7. It is a pay-day and they are waiting to be paid.8. The old house needs painting / to be painted.9. He has always meant to get his hair cut.10. I remember being taken to the zoo by my father when I was little.11. When he woke up, he found himself lying in the hospital.12. The manager promised to keep me informed of how our business was going on.13. I prefer watching TV at home to seeing a film at the cinema.14. It is a wonderful place for anyone interested in the exhibition.15. The building being built now will be our new library.VII) 独立主格结构：As the boy was ill, he couldnt go to school.Being ill, the boy couldnt go to school.As his mother was ill, the boy couldnt go to school.His mother being ill, the boy couldnt go to school.逻辑主语 + -ing / -ed / having done / having been doneExercises:1. Since that was the case, we couldnt follow your advice. That being the case, we2. When our visitors arrived, we turned off the TV. Our visitors arriving, we3. If all things were considered, the house was a good buy. All things considered, the4. As his wife was away, he had to the housework. His wife being away, he5. After she had finished the shopping, she went home. Having finished shopping, she6. Because he hadnt heard from his parents for a long time, he was worried about them. Not having hearing from his parents for a long time, he7. When we were given a map, we found our way easily. Given a map, we8. After he was told what to do next, he went out. Having been told what to do next, heV. 形容词和副词 1形容词的顺序 教材P.35 2enough的同法 3else的用法 4可以修饰比较级的词 教材P36 5the more., the more句型VI 代词1. 名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的区别 教材P392. no, no one, none 和none of 教材P403. each, every和all 教材P414. both of, either of和neither of 教材P425. 不定代词和形容词连用时，形容词应放在其后面 教材P42VII. 从句（主从复合句）I) 名词性从句 1主语从句l 整个句子作主语1) 用疑问词2) 用thatl It作形式主语for sb和 of sb的区别 2宾语从句l 形式宾语 3表语从句 4同位语从句II）定语从句：先行词、关系代词和关系副词l 先行词为人时：who(that), whom(that), whose; 作宾语时可省略l 先行词为物时：which和that; 作宾语时可省略l 用that的情况：1） 先行词中有最高级2） 先