阅读抽象词提速法.doc

阅读抽象词提速法从某种意义上来说，我们在考试现场大脑的运作方式与我们那时要面对的电脑运作方式有类似之处，都要根据一些数据和信息进行运算，然后得出计算结果，也就是答案。因此，提高阅读速度就涉及到提高大脑的运算速度问题。当然，不同的人之间，这种绝对运算速度是有差异的，但是所有的人都可以通过一个方法来提高其阅读速度，也就是通过消除一些延误我们大脑运转速度因素来提高我们的阅读速度。GRE和GMAT文章的特殊性就在于涉及的因素之多，是其他任何部分都无法与之相比的，因此才在两种考试中都成为最难的一个部分。如果说文章是高楼大厦，段落就是房间，句子就是一面面的墙，单词就是一块块的砖。以上几个环节中的任何一个环节出了问题，都会影响我们对整篇文章的理解。为了解决上述问题，本书着重研究了如何克服GRE或GMAT难句的问题，这里来谈一谈单词的问题。刚才我们把人脑和电脑作了一个类比。然而在阅读中，阅读者的大脑的运算过程有其特殊性；读者在答题前必须先通过阅读文章来把大量的信息输入大脑，然后才能对它进行加工处理。这就好比电脑在运行大型软件之前先要把大量数据输入计算机内存一样。我们知道，除了考虑计算机CPU速度以外，计算机的内存大小是决定其运行速度快慢的最为重要的参数：因为计算机需要把计算中最频繁使用的数据放到内存里，因此内存大的计算机也较快。前面我们讲GRE难句时，曾经提到过一个大脑容量的问题，其实这个大脑容量所起的作用就与计算机的内存作用相似。我们读文章时，从文章中吸收的信息，都是放到这个内存中，以供大脑对这些信息做加工处理之用。问题是，任何一个人，其脑容量再大，也是有限的。尤其是当大家读难句的水平和词汇水平还不高时，如果这些你不理解的东西都把你的脑容量占用了，你根本谈不上真正跟上文章思路云进行阅读理解，而且你大脑即使是在试图理解文章，你的运算速度也不一定非常慢，原因在于，越是你不懂的东西，它占用你大脑的容量就越大，比如计算机在打开OFFICE、PHOTOSHOP等软件时，因为这些软件占用内存比较大，所以速度就慢。关于GRE难句，我们前面有专门的解决方案，那么在阅读中什么样的词汇占用我们大脑的容量比较大、大脑处理起来比较慢呢？就是我们今天要讨论的东西，我们把其称之为阅读抽象词。什么叫抽象词1、 并非GRE或GMAT词汇书里的词，而是一个你认识的词2、 用一句话解释不清楚3、 你在阅读的时候，突然想不明白这个词放在句子当中或文章当中是什么意思了。首先，请大家不要误解笔者的意思，笔者说它不是GRE或GMAT词汇，并非是说GRE或GMAT词汇里没有阅读抽象词，正相反，大多数GRE或GMAT词汇都属于抽象词范畴；不过这里面涉及一个如何背单词的问题，过一会儿再讲。我主要是要说这样一些词汇：所有的人都认识，但是意思抽象、信息量大，如果出现在文章或句子中，其意思难以迅速理解，如下面的句子：Exmaple:be a descryiptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.这句话所用的单词大家都认识，可是为什么不易读懂呢？就在于构成这句话的单词全是一些这样的抽象词，下面列了一些抽象词，大家看一看，有没有大家不认识的？Psychological principle law realityemotion appraiseintensitycorrespondobservation identicallmistakenlyperceive都认识。比如这个law，小学就学了，可是谁能用一句话给这个law下一个定义呢？一句解释不明白，就意味着其信息量也是很大的，占用我们大脑的内存也就越大。而这样的词，在文章或句子中出现，想象其含义比较困难，这就造成我们同学在阅读中出现这样一个奇怪现象：明明是认识的词，突然在阅读中就不知道是什么意思了。如果需要在考试现场来思考单词在文章的含义，必然会导致思维的停顿和思路的被打断，大大地影响我们的阅读速度。就刚才所举的例句而言，如果阅读这句话的时候还要停下三四次来想那几个抽象词在句中是什么意思，这一句话是不是要读上半天？问题我们已经找出来了，该如何云解决呢？阅读抽象词训练法第一步、在阅读完每一篇GRE或GMAT文章之后，按照上面所说的三个标准找出这些抽象词来。第二步、把这些单词记在小本上或存在电脑里，也可以补充到本书所列的三百多个抽象词中；读文章或背单词感到疲劳了，就可以拿来翻一翻，想一想。注意这里所说的想的方法。比如在刚才作为例子所举出的抽象词中的appraise，大家应该都知道其中文释义叫做评估，可是如果你只知道在现场的阅读中把翻译成中文的评估，再云想评估的意思是什么，这种速度是无法满足GRE或GMAT考试对阅读的要求的。那么什么叫appraise呢？比如说这瓶矿泉水，我们对其评估的过程是这样的：先把它拿出来观察，找出其性质特点与同类(或一个标准)作比较，根据优缺点对共价值做出估测，然后再找到它在当前市场情况下的合理价位，这么一个完整的过程才叫做appraise，如果我们到考场上去把appraise翻译成评估，再云想这个过程，纯属浪费时间；最快的方法，就是一看到appraise这个单词，你就下意识地直觉性地反映出这样一个过程来。我们从小学英语的办法，就是记住一个单词的英文拼写和其中文释义，然后再到阅读文章中云搞翻译先把英语单词翻译成中文单词，再把中文单词串联成一句中文的话，最后按照翻译出来的中文来理解文章的意思。这样做不但不能满足GRE和GMAT考试的时间要求，而且碰到抽象词的时候往往也不灵，英语的抽象词翻译成中文的释义，这个中文释义也是抽象的。比如philosophical翻译成中文哲学的，该不理解还是不理解。因此，笔者所说的训练抽象词的方法，就是把一些我们阅读时在瞬间突然反应不出其意思的、抽象的英文词汇找出来，然后在平时花一些时间把这些英文单词出现在文章中的真正意义想清楚。我们训练GRE抽象词，就是把考试时需要花的时间，兑换成你平时训练时花的时间。读者们提高自己的阅读速度的一个有效的途径，就是找出抽象词来，利用自己的零碎时间，想象一下这些单词出现在文章当中的真正含义，每天积累、每天研习；在大脑中把这些英文单词的真正意义想象得越熟练，则你在阅读中对词义的反应也就越快。这样的训练过程也是一个积累的过程。其实在GRE或GMAT的各种题材的文章中，涉及到的抽象词是有限的，最多也不会超过一千个词汇，而具体到每个人身上，也就只有那么几百个；因为笔者在教学中经过观察发现，不同的人对于不同抽象词的理解程度也是不同的，在你那时算是抽象的单词，到了他那里就理解得很好，这是与学习者的知识背景和生活经验相关的。对于抽象词的积累与对难句的积累过程类似，一开始越积累越多，坚持训练到了一定程度，就会越来越少，直到完全消失，也就那么一个来月的功夫；每天的练习时间不必多，有半小时足矣；关键在于每天都要练。还是那句考试：贵在坚持。笔者在后面的附录五中列出了这样的一些抽象词和抽象词组，然后由于编写本书的时间太仓促，笔者未能对单词在文章中的用法和其真正意义给出详细的解释，这是本书的一大遗憾。希望在再版时能够把注释补充进来。需要说明的一点是，抽象词因人而异，无法统一，所以本书所给出的抽象词不应成为所有读者的标准。如果大家发现有些单词可以理解得很透彻，则可以从书中划去；而且笔者也承认，由于没有充足的时间，本书所搜罗的四百余个抽象词和抽象词组也不一定完整。如果读者在阅读当中遇到本书没有给出的抽象词，请自行补充。AbolitionismAssumeCommentaryAcademicAssumptionCommitAcceptanceAttainCompetentAccidentalAttitudeComplexAccommodateAttuneCompriseAcknowledgeAuthenticateConceptionAcknowledgementAuthorizationConceptualAcquisitionAvailabilityConclusionAddressBesetConditionalAdjustmentBoomConfigurationAestheticBorderConfineAnecdotalBroadConfrontationAntithesisCapableConfuseApparentlyChannelCongenialApportionCharacteristicConsequentlyAppraiseCharacterizationConsiderablyApproachChartingConsignApproximationClaimConstituteAptClassicalConstitutionArchitecturalClericalConstructArgueClinicalConstructionArtCoexistentConsumeArtifactCoherentlyConsumptionAspectCoincidentlyContemplateAssessCommendContemporaryContendDistinguishedFunctionContentiousDoctrineFunctionalContinuouslyDomainFundamentalContraventionDraftGainConventionalizeDramatizeGeneralConventionallyDrawingGeneralizationCorrespondCorruptCouncilCounteractionCounterexampleCriticalCrucialDebateDefendDefinitionDemandingDemocracyDenoteDepartureDepictionDerivativeDescriptiveDeviseDevotedDiagnoseDimensionDiscernibleDiscerningDischargeDiscursiveDismalDismayDisputeDisseminationDissensionDissolutionDistinctionDistinguishDubiousEcclesiasticaleditionEffectElementaryEmancipationEmotionalEmpiricalEmulateEncompassEncounterEncouragingEnergeticEnfranchisementEngageEngagementEpistemologyEstablishedEstablishmentEthicsEthnicEventExceedExclusivelyExpenseExplanatoryExtensionFacilityFeelingFitnessFortuitousFosterFrameworkGenuineGenusGivenGlobalGratefulGroundHard-nosedHorizontalIdenticalIdentificationIdentifyIllusoryImplicationImpressionImpulseInadvertentIncentiveIncidenceIncomparableIncompatibilityIncorporateIndicateIndividualismInert InevitablyInfiniteInformalInherentlyInhibitInnocentInnuendoInordinatelyInquiryInsofarInspirationInstanceInstitutionInsufficientInsultIntellectualIntenselyIntensityIntentionalInteractInterpretationIntricacyIntriguingIntuitiveInversionInvertInvestigationInveterateIrrationalJudgmentJustificationJustifyLawLawsuitLeagueLegacyliteralizeLiterallyLiteraryLiteratureLogicMaintainMandateMarginMasteryMeansMechanicallyMechanismMentalMeritMidstMistakenlyMomentousMoralityMultipleNecessarilyNegationNegativeNonviableNotableNuclearNumerouslyObjectObjectiveObservationObservationalOccurrenceOfficialOmissionOngoingOrganizationOrientationOriginalityPanicParticularlyPedagogicalPerceivePerceptPerceptionPerceptivePerceptualPerfunctoryPerplexedPerplexityPervasivePhenomenaPhysicalPictorialPicturePinpointPlaguePlausiblePleadingPledgePolarityPositionalPositivePossibilityPracticalPreciselyPresencePretendPreviouslyPreyPrincipalPrinciplePrivacyPrivatelyProblematicProceedProcessProcureProminencePromptPropertyProportionatelyProposalProvisionPsychologicalPsychologistPurposivePursuitQualifiedQualitativelyQuantitativelyRadicalRespectivelyStrikingRatherRespondStripRationResponsibleReactionReadilyRealityRealmRearReceptionReceptiveRecognizableRecountRefuteRegionalRegulateRegulationRemarkableRemedyRemembranceRenderRepetitiveRepresentationReputeRescuerReservationResolutionResourcefulResponsiveReviseRightnessRigorouslySalvationSaturatedSchemeSecureSeductiveSeemSenateSequentialServitudeSignalSpecterSpeculationSpeculativeSphereStatementStationaryStatureStatuteStimuliStraitStructuralStudiedSubstantialSubstituteSuffrageSynthesizeTechnicalTrainingTraitTrampleTranscriptionUnavailingUnconscionableUnderlyingUnderplayUnderstandingUnerringUnremittingUntangleVainValueVirtualVirtueVisionarywhereas阅读抽象词组A wide rangeBe bereft ofConstitute forAccede toAccount forAct onAesthetic experienceAs it wereAs long asAttest toBe aimed atBe bound toBe compensated forBe directed atBiological remainsComposers of Beethovens statureConfer onConferred byEcological stabilizationEconomic interestEmotional lifeExplain awayFarewell performanceIf onlyIn any eventIn favor ofIn passingIn spite ofIn the first placeIntent onInternal toIn the guise of In view ofMust be careful aboutNaturalistic modes of expressionNonaesthetic emotionNot least by a sense of formOne of the questions of interestOnly ifOrder of magnitudeOther thanPerceiveasPoint toProperties of realityPsychotic fantasyRaise issuesRegardless ofScholarly journalsSelectively neutralServe to doShore upSit in judgment onSo calledSubstitute forTake into accountTake responsibility forTechnically unconventionalThe notions of Black identityUnattributable toVerges onVivid imaginationWork onworddefinitionforestallvt. To delay, hinder, or prevent by taking precautionary measures beforehand. 领先，抢先用先发制人的办法排斥、阻碍或防止See: preventTo deal with or think of beforehand; anticipate. 先人一着，预料抢在的前面行动或考虑；比先采取行动Abolitionism废除主义, 废奴主义assumeTo take upon oneself: 自己承担：To undertake the duties of (an office):担任的职务（官职）：To take on; adopt:采取；采用：To put on; don:穿；披：To affect the appearance or possession of; feign.假装镇静的样子；冒充See: pretendTo take for granted; suppose:想当然；以为：See: presumeTo take over without justification; seize:无正当理由的接管；夺取：commentaryn.A series of explanations or interpretations. 解说词；评论一系列的解释或说明Often commentariesAn expository treatise or series of annotations; an exegesis. 注释，训诂说明性的论述或一系列注解；注解An apt explanation or illustration:一个恰当的表达或说明：A personal narrative; a memoir.个人的生平；传记academicadj.abbr:acad.Of, relating to, or characteristic of a school, especially one of higher learning. 学校的，学院的学校的、与学校有关的或具有学校特征的，尤其具有较高学识的Relating to studies that are liberal or classical rather than technical or vocational. 文科的，文学的多指自由的或古典文化的学习，而不是技术或职业学习Relating to scholarly performance:有关学术表现的：Relating or belonging to a scholarly organization. 学术组织的学术组织的，有关学术团体的Scholarly to the point of being unaware of the outside world. 学究式的，迂腐的除学术方面以外对外界毫无知觉See: pedanticBased on formal education. 基础理论的以正规教育为基础的Formalistic or conventional.形式主义的，墨守成规的Theoretical or speculative without a practical purpose or intention. 纯粹理论的，学理上的纯理论的或推理的，无实际目的或意图See: theoreticalHaving no practical purpose or use. 脱离实际的，空论的没有实际目的或用途的 n.One who is a member of an institution of higher learning. 大学教师，大学生高等专业知识学院里的人A person who has an academic viewpoint or a scholarly background. 学术界人士有学术观点或学术背景的人assumptionThe act of taking to or upon oneself: 独自承担自己承担的行动：The act of taking over: 夺取夺取的行动：The act of taking for granted: 想当然想当然的行为：Something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof; a supposition: 假定，假设未经证实就想当然地认为或接受某事为真；假定：Presumption; arrogance.自负；傲慢commitTo do, perform, or perpetrate: 犯作、实行或犯（罪）：To put in trust or charge; entrust. 委托置于委托或托管人；信托To place officially in confinement or custody, as in a mental health facility. 收监，收押置于官方限制或保护，如在精神健康设施To consign for future use or reference or for preservation: 交付，保管为将来使用、参考或保存而寄存：To put into a place to be kept safe or to be disposed of. 担保放在保持安全或予以处理的位置上To make known the views of (oneself) on an issue: 表明使对一个问题的观点被知道（某人自己）：To bind or obligate, as by a pledge: 致力于约束或强制，如经由誓言：To refer (a legislative bill, for example) to a committee.把（例如立法议案）提交委员会 r.To pledge or obligate ones own self:使负责，使受约束：acceptanceThe act or process of accepting. 接受，收受接受的行为或过程The state of being accepted or acceptable. 领受，受理被接受或可被接受的状态Favorable reception; approval.赞同；肯定Belief in something; agreement.信任；认同A formal indication by a debtor of willingness to pay a time draft or bill of exchange. 承兑，认付负债人的正式表明愿意偿还一定期汇票或汇票attainTo gain as an objective; achieve. 达到，获得作为实体得到；取得To arrive at, as by virtue of persistence or the passage of time. 到达经过不懈的努力或一段时间后达到See: reach r.To succeed in a directed effort, process, or progression: 到达，达到，获得经过针对性的努力，过程或进取而成功：competentProperly or sufficiently qualified; capable: 胜任的合适或足以胜任的；有能力的：Adequate for the purpose: 适当的符合要求的：accidentalOccurring unexpectedly, unintentionally, or by chance.意外的，偶然发生的attitudeA position of the body or manner of carrying oneself: 姿势，姿态身体或行为的姿态：See: postureA state of mind or a feeling; disposition: 心态，看法心理或感情的状态；性情：The orientation of an aircrafts axes relative to a reference line or plane, such as the horizon. 飞机姿势，姿态飞机轴相对于某一参照直线或平面，如地平线所处的位置The orientation of a spacecraft relative to its direction of motion. 飞行姿态宇宙飞船相对于其飞行方向所处的位置complexConsisting of interconnected or interwoven parts; composite. 复合的由互相关联或交织的部分构成的；复合的Composed of two or more units: 合成的由两个或多个单元组成的：Involved or intricate, as in structure; complicated. 复杂的在结构中牵扯较多的或错综复杂的；复杂的【语法】Consisting of at least one bound form. Used of a word. 复合词的具有至少一种组合形式的。用于单词Consisting of an independent clause and at least one other independent or dependent clause. Used of a sentence. 复合句的包含一个独立主句和至少一个独立或非独立从句的。用于句子 n.A whole composed of interconnected or interwoven parts: 合成体由相互关联交织的部分组成的整体：【医学】The combination of factors, symptoms, or signs of a disease or disorder that forms a syndrome. 综合症状形成综合病症的全部因素、病症、或疾病或失调外在表象的综合特征AccommodateTo do a favor or service for; oblige. 帮助，予人方便帮助或提供服务；施惠于See: obligeTo provide for; supply with.提供；供应To hold comfortably without crowding. 容纳，提供空间宽绰而不拥挤See: containTo make suitable; adapt.使适应；使符合See: adaptTo allow for; consider:允许；考虑：To settle; reconcile.解决；和解AttuneTo bring into a harmonious or responsive relationship: 使协调，使一致，使适合使进入和谐或协调的关系：【音乐】To put (an instrument) into correct tune. 调（乐器）的音，为调音将（乐器）音调调至正确CompriseTo consist of; be composed of:由构成；由组成：To include; contain:包含；包括：See: includeTo compose; constitute:组成；构成：acknowledgeTo admit the existence, reality, or truth of. 承认确认某物的存在、现实或真相To recognize as being valid or having force or power. 确认有效，承认权威确认有效或有权力或权威To express recognition of: 承认表示承认：acknowledge a friends smile.对一个朋友的笑做出反应To express thanks or gratitude for. 答谢，致谢，鸣谢表示对的感谢或感激To report the receipt of.告知收到，确认收悉AuthenticateTo establish the authenticity of; prove genuine: 验证使具有真实的效力；证明其真实性：See: confirmConceptionFormation of a viable zygote by the union of the male sperm and the female ovum; fertilization. 受精通过雄性精子与雌性卵细胞结合而形成受精卵的过程；受精The entity formed by the union of the male sperm and the female ovum; an embryo or a zygote. 合子精子与卵子结合成的物体；胚胎或合子The ability to form or understand mental concepts and abstractions. 构思力形成或理解理性或抽象概念的能力Something conceived in the mind; a concept, plan, design, idea, or thought. 设想在脑海中构想的事物；概念、计划、设计或思想See: idea【古语】A beginning; a start.起始；开始acknowledgementn.承认, 确认, 感谢AuthorizationThe act of authorizing.授权的行为Something that authorizes; sanction. 认可经过官方认可、授权的东西；批准See: permissionConceptualOf, consisting of, or relating to concepts or conception:概念的、与之有关的或组成概念的：AcquisitionThe act of acquiring. 获得，取得获得、取得的行为availabilityn.有效性, 可利用性率可得到的东西人员(候选人的)当选可能性ConclusionThe close or last part; the end or finish. 结束结束的或最后的部分；结尾或末端The result or outcome of an act or process. 结局一个活动或过程的结果或结局A judgment or decision reached after deliberation. 推定经过细心分析得出的结论或判断See: decisionA final arrangement or settlement, as of a treaty. 缔结最后安排或安置，例如和约AddressTo speak to:与说话：To make a formal speech to. 讲演发表正式演说To direct (a spoken or written message) to the attention of: 提出提交（口头或书面的报告）以引起的注意：To mark with a destination: 写地址标注目的地：To direct the efforts or attention of (oneself): 忙于，专注于，投入集中（某人的）精力或注意力：To deal with:处理：To dispatch or consign (a ship, for example) to an agent or factor. 寄送，托运派遣或寄送（例如船只）给代理商店或代理人 n.A formal spoken or written communication: 称呼正式的口头或书面的交流：A formal speech. 演说正式的演讲The written or printed directions on mail or other deliverable items indicating destination. 地址信件或其它可投递物品上标明目的地的手写或打印说明The location at which a particular organization or person may be found or reached. 住址可以找到或抵达的某特定组织或个人的所在地 Often addressesCourteous attentions. 殷勤，求爱谦恭的殷勤The manner or bearing of a person, especially in conversation. 举止，谈吐一个人的行为或风度，特别是在谈话中Skill, deftness, and grace in dealing with people or situations. 技巧，本领待人接物方面的技巧、机敏或优雅See: tactThe act of dispatching or consigning a ship, as to an agent or a factor. 寄送，托运派遣或寄送船只给代理商店或代理人的行为BesetTo attack from all sides. 围攻从各个侧面攻击To trouble persistently; harass.不断打扰；困扰See: attackTo hem in; surround:包围；围绕：To stud, as with jewels.镶嵌，如用珠宝ConditionalImposing, depending on, or containing a condition. 视而定的有影响的、取决于或有条件的 See: dependent【语法】Stating, containing, or implying a condition. 条件的表明、包含或暗含条件的【心理学】Brought about by conditioning. 有条件的由一定条件所诱发的 n. GrammarA mood, tense, clause, or word expressing a condition. 条件（从句）表示条件的语气、时态、从句或词AdjustmentThe act of adjusting or the state of being adjusted. 调整，调节调整的行为或被调整的状态A means of adjusting.调整装置Settlement of a debt or claim. 金额理算债务或索赔的清算A modification, fluctuation, or correction:修正，变动，改正：Br.To make a deep, resonant sound. 发出隆隆声发出低沉而有回响的声音To grow or develop rapidly; flourish: 快速发展迅速成长或发展：暴涨： v.tr.To utter or give forth with a deep, resonant sound:以低沉而有回响的声音发出：To cause to grow or flourish; boost. 使繁荣引起成长或暴涨；使迅速发展 n.A deep resonant sound, as of an explosion. 隆隆声低沉而有回响的声音，比如爆炸声A time of economic prosperity. 繁荣一段时间的经济繁荣A sudden increase, as in popularity. 激增突然的增长，如人口激增ConfigurationArrangement of parts or elements. 布局部件或元素的配置The form, as of a figure, determined by the arrangement of its parts or elements. 轮廓由其各部分或元素配置决定的外形，如图案See: formAestheticRelating to the philosophy or theories of aesthetics. 美学的有关美学的哲学或理论的Of or concerning the appreciation of beauty or good taste: 审美的属于或关于美的欣赏或有良好品味的：Characterized by a heightened sensitivity to beauty. 美感的对美具有高度敏感的Artistic:艺术的： 【非正式用语】Conforming to accepted notions of good taste. 审美情趣的与普遍接受的良好品味相一致的 n.A guiding principle in matters of artistic beauty and taste; artistic sensibility: 美学标准，美感艺术观及艺术品味方面的指导性原则；艺术敏感性：An underlying principle, a set of principles, or a view often manifested by outward appearances or style of behavior: 审美观通常由外表或行为风格体现的基本原则、一组原则或观点：BorderA part that forms the outer edge of something. 边界，边缘形成事物外部边缘的部分A d