开阳花黎至瓮安江界河码头公路可行性研究报告.doc

Geoffrey loves. He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny. He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home. Geoffrey was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise, she said she hadnt. Geoffrey asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!Lesson64 The Channel Tunnel 海峡隧道In l858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low. He suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. Forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. Recently, there has again been great interest in the idea of a Channel Tunnel. If it is built, it will connect Britain to Europe for the first time in history.Lesson65 Jumbo versus the police 小象对警察Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a childrens hospital. Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honour of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo. He, should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side-street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move. Fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. The police had a difficult time, but they were most amused. Jumbo must weigh a few tons, said a policeman afterwards, so it was fortunate that we didnt have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.Lesson66 Sweet as honey! 像蜜一样甜！The Hatheld Puffin is a modern aero-plane, but its designer, Mr John Wimpenny, is finding it difficult to get it off the ground. The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle. Its pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air. After Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly. In 1961, it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile. While being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed on an airfield. Since then, Mr Wimpenny has had it rebuilt. He has had the length of the wings increased so that they now measure 93 feet-almost as long as those of a Dakota. Many people have shown interest in this new and unusual sport. But though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the English Channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the Atlantic.Lesson67 Volcanoes 火山Haroun Tazieff the Polish scientist, has spent his life-time studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world. In 1948, he went to lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro. Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him. It threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time. He waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later. This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. Tazieff has often risked his life in this way. He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. Lesson68 Persistent 纠缠不休I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.Hullo, Bert, I said. Fancy meeting you here !Hullo, Elizabeth, Bert answered. I was just wondering how to spend the morning-until I saw you. Youre not busy doing anything, are you ? No, not at all, I answered. Im going to. .Would you mind my coming with you ? he asked, before I had finished speaking. Not at all, I lied, but Im going to the dentist. Then Ill come with you, he answered. Theres always plenty to read in the waiting room !lesson69 But not murder! 并非谋杀！I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time. I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully. After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test. The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, Just one more thing, Mr Eames. Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. As soon as I tap on the window, I want the car to be stopped immediately. I continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly. Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react. I suddenly pressed the brake pedal hard and we were both thrown forward. The examiner looked at me sadly. Mr Eames, he said, in a mournful voice, you have just killed that child ! lesson70 Red for danger 危险的红色During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.Lesson71 A famous clock 一个著名的大钟When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had hot been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down ! Lesson72 A car called Bluebird “蓝鸟”汽车The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour. He set up a new world record in September 1935 at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah. Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him. It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2500 horse-power engine. Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run. After his attempt, Campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. However, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made. His average speed had been 301 miles per hour. Since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds of over 400 miles an hour. Following his fathers footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolms son, Donald, also set up a world record. Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.Lesson73 The record-holder 纪录保持者Little boys who play truant from school are unimaginative. A quiet days fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles. He hitch- hiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep. When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais. No one noticed the boy as he crept off. From there, he hitch-hiked to Paris in a lorry. The driver gave him a few biscuits and a cup of coffee and left him just outside the city. The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border. There he was picked up by a policeman and sent back to England by the local authorities. He has surely set up a record for the thousands of boys who dream of evading school.Lesson74 Out of the limelight 舞台之外An ancient bus stopped by a dry river bed and a party of famous actors and actresses got off. Dressed in dark glasses and old clothes, they had taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them. But as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfect.This is a wonderful place for a picnic, said Gloria Gleam. It couldnt be better, Gloria, Brinksley Meers agreed. No newspaper men, no film fans! Why dont we come more often ? Meanwhile, two other actors, Rockwall Slinger and Merlin Greeves, had carried two large food baskets to a shady spot under some trees. When they had all made themselves comfortable, a stranger appeared. He looked very angry. Now you gut out of here, all of you! he shouted: Im sheriff here. Do you see that notice ? It says No Camping-in case you cant read ! Look, sheriff, said Rockwall, dont be too hard on us. Im Rockwall Slinger and this is Merlin Greeves. Oh, is it ? said the sheriff with a sneer. Well, Im Brinksley Meers, and my other name is Gloria Gleam. Now you get out of here fast !lesson75 SOS 呼救信号When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed. The only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt. It was the middle of winter. Snow lay thick on the ground. The woman knew that the nearest village was miles away. When it grew dark. she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find. During the night, it got terribly cold. The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. Early ,next morning she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal. Then she had第一章 总 论一、项目背景1、项目名称：开阳花黎至瓮安江界河码头公路2、承办单位：黔南州交通设计院3、项目建议书编制依据（1）、黔南州交通局委托书。（2）、交通部颁发的公路建设项目可行性研究报告编制办法。（3）、交通部公路工程技术标准（JTJB01-2003）（4）、其他公路设计规范和技术标准 我院于2006年6月组织技术人员在1/1万、1/5万地形图上反复比较和选择路线方案，核实工程难点，对大型构造物及工程重要地段进行仔细调查，同时收集地方政府及有关职能部门的意见、要求，调查沿线城镇规划与公路的关系。并通过各种渠道收集项目所在地的经济、社会、交通等各方面资料，再次对方案进一步比选论证。加班加点进行研究工作，最终形成本报告。二、建设内容与规模 根据要求，路线起于贵阳市开阳县花黎乡，终点为瓮安县江界河码头。路线全43.460公里。设计速度80公里/小时，路基宽度为24.5米，双向四车道。全线按高速公路标准设计。全线共有桥梁二十三座，其中大桥十五座；隧道2座共1200米；路面为沥青混凝土路面。 三、技术标准 开阳花黎至瓮安江界河码头公路采用的技术标准如下： 公路等级 高速公路 设计速度 80公里/小时 路基宽度 24.5米 最小平曲线半径 250米 最大纵坡 6% 路面类型 沥青混凝土路面 桥涵荷载 公路级 车道数 双向四车道 公路服务水平 二级交通工程及沿线设施等级 A级四、建设工期 建设工期为2年，工期安排如下： 2006年6月至2007年1月，完成前期立项及设计工作。 2007年1月至2008年12月，施工阶段。 2009年1月，全线投入使用。五、交通量分析本项目路段交通量预测结果如下（单位：小客车/日）：2004 2009 2014 2019 20245289 7820 13452 18951 25920六、投资估算与资金筹措 该项目投资估算，根据交通部92概算定额及交通部交工发（1996）611号文发布的公路基本建设投资估算编制办法、公路工程投资估算指标及交工发（1996）612号文发布的公路基本建设工程概、预算编制办法、公路工程机械台班费用定额、贵州省交通厅黔交计（1994）48号文等有关规定进行编制。1、投资估算总投资： 18.6313亿元平均每公里造价： 4287万元人工： 7356275工日钢筋： 23415吨钢材： 5112吨水泥： 192310吨石油沥青： 30325吨征地： 2243亩2、资金筹措本项目建设资金总额为18.6313亿元，其中申请银行贷款12.1亿元,地方自筹资金6.5313亿元。银行贷款与地方自筹资金比例为0.65：0.35。七、效益分析根据国家发展计划委员会颁布的建设项目经济评价方法与参数和交通部工程可行性研究报告编制办法的规定，本项目对方案进行初步的经济评价和敏感性分析。通过国民经济评价可以看出，本项目内部收益为17.56，大于基准折现率10，累计净现值为9.6432亿元，投资回收期为19.53年，效益费用比为1.432，项目具有较好的经济效益，即使在投资增加20同时效益下降20的情况下，内部收益率为11.56，大于基准折现率10，净现值3.4365亿元，效益费用比1.41。在最不利情况下，各项指标仍然良好，因此该项目可行。 本项目贷款偿还能力是通过测算,预测项目贷款的偿还能力。项目贷款资金为建设资金的65%，共计12.1亿元，通过测算资金偿还期为15年，说明资金可以在计算期内偿还，其资金偿还能力较强。具体结果见第五章。第二章 工程建设的必要性开阳花黎至瓮安江界河公路地处贵阳市开阳县与黔南州瓮安县两县之间，本项目影响区域主要是两县，并辐射整个黔南州北部。一、项目所在区域概况（1）开阳县开阳县位于贵州中部，隶属贵阳市管辖。政区面积2026平方公里。东与瓮安县、福泉市接壤，南与乌当区、龙里县毗邻，西连修文县、息烽县，北与遵义市隔江相望。全县总人口43.84万人，其中少数民族人口4.81万人。地势西南高东北低，由西南分水岭地带向北面乌江河谷和东面清水江河谷倾斜。以分水岭为骨架，喀斯特地貌呈东西向分布的高原丘陵。全县喀斯特面积占83.6%。出露地层多为白云岩和石灰岩。开阳县属亚热带温和湿润气候区。年平均气温12.8，年平均降水量1258.5毫米，年平均日照时数1084.7小时，全年无霜期280300天。全县耕地面积10.35万亩，以旱地为主。粮食作物主要有水稻、玉米、大豆、薯类等，主要经济作物有油菜、烤烟、茶叶等。矿产资源有磷、煤、汞、锰、铅锌矿等，优质富磷矿石储量3.92亿吨，占全国的78%。磷矿储量极大，品味高。开阳磷矿是全国三大磷矿之一，是国内主要磷矿石生产基地。（2）瓮安县瓮安县位于贵州中部，黔南州北部。东与黔东南州的黄平县接壤，南与福泉市毗邻，西分别与开阳县、遵义市交界，北与湄潭县、余庆县相连，政区总面积1973.8平方公里，耕地面积36.79万亩。2004年底总人口46.50万人，其中：农业人口41.95万人，少数民族人口2.07万人。瓮安县地处黔中高原，大部分地势起伏不大，西南高，东北低。地貌由变质岩、砂页岩形成的中低山、丘陵与碳酸盐岩发育的岩溶丘陵山地。全县喀斯特面积占92%。气候属亚热带季风湿润气候区，年均气温13.6，无霜期261天，年均降雨量1148.2毫米，年平均日照时数1084.7小时。瓮安县煤、磷、铅锌、铁、汞、石膏等矿产资源十分丰富，磷矿有含矿层厚、品位高、埋藏浅等优点，已探明储量为3.2亿吨。煤矿蕴藏量分布广、质好可炼焦，储量达2.3亿吨；铁矿储量达1500万吨，品味达50%以上，各种矿藏都具有很好的开发前景。旅游资源有江界河省级风景名胜区、穿洞河瀑布、下司石林、老鹰洞溶洞奇观、省级重点文物保护单位江界河红军强渡乌江战斗遗址和红军长征过程中召开的中央政治局“猴场会议”遗址等等。瓮安县传统经济以农为主，粮食作物主要有水稻、玉米、大豆、薯类等，主要经济作物有油菜、烤烟等。在种植业方面，近几年以脱毒马铃薯的种植加工、天麻高产栽培、干鲜辣椒生产、无公害蔬菜、食用菌为主的特色农业得到了迅速发展。2005年无公害蔬菜种植5万亩，脱毒马铃薯种植达6万亩。全县畜牧业比较发达特别是生猪产业发展迅猛，全县生猪出栏总量达40.08万头。2004年瓮安县生产总值为137100万元，人均生产总值2964元，农业生产总值为51320万元，工业生产总值为35178万元。二、 建设必要性本项目的实施有利于完善黔南州北部交通网的建设。根据贵州省骨架公路网规划（20032020年），规划方案为“三纵三横八联八支”，简称“3388网”。从现在到2020年将开工建设7400公里骨架公路网，其中高速公路约2960公里，一、二级公路4440公里，开阳至瓮安至余庆为“六联（江口至大方）”中的一部分，规划标准为二级公路。同时根据黔南州交通“十一五”规划。2009年力争开工建设开阳经瓮安至余庆（黔南段）二级公路。同时马遵高速也在筹划之中，本项目实施后从开阳花黎至瓮安江界河不经过瓮安县城，将缩短旅程 25公里。综上所述，本项目的建设，将极大促进黔南州北部的经济发展，带动沿线经济的工业开发和经济建设，改善瓮安县的投资环境。对加快瓮安县乃至黔南的经济发展，改善人民的居住环境，完善项目区路网建设起到十分重要的作用。第三章 交通量预测一、交通量预测原则和方法（一）预测原则1、预测远景交通量的组成公路远景交通量的预测，是为正确制定公路修建计划提供分析基础，为项目的决策提供依据。根据对项目所在地区社会经济和交通运输调查的资料分析，计划改建公路通过的地带是黔南州北部。本项目的建成，将有力促进该地区的社会经济和交通运输的发展。 预测远景交通量一般由正常交通量、诱增交通量、转移交通量三部分组成。正常交通量是现有公路交通量按照它固有的发展规律，自然增长的交通量。诱增交通量是指公路开通后，使它所覆盖的影响区内经济和交通体系发生变化，诱使经济、产业迅猛增长，则会新产生交通量。转移交通量是指公路建成后，从其它公路及由于竞争关系而从其它交通方式转移过来的交通量。根据分析，本项目远景交通量有正常交通量、诱增交通量、转移交通量。2、预测年限和特征根据交通部颁发的水运、公路建设项目可行性研究编制办法规定，预测年限为公路建成后15年。结合项目所在地区的社会经济发展规划，本项目预测特征年设定为2009年（公路开通年）、2016年、2020年、2024年。预测基年为2004年。 （二）、预测方法由于该项目的委托工作周期较短，该项目不作OD调查，而用项目影响区交通运输量与影响区社会经济的发展情况及规划，进行相关分析，对比预测远景交通量。正常交通量预测步骤为：经济社会和沿线交通量分析确定路段交通增长率路段交通量预测。二、交通量预测1、正常交通量A、历年断面交通量根据瓮安县交通局提供的资料，所观测的资料均折合成小客车。各交通量观测站的资料见表31。交通量观测站资料表表31 单位：辆/日（小客车）年份20002001200220032004交通量34563861432149865289注：数据为混合车折算值B、基年交通量的确定根据对表31数据以及分流车型相关资料的分析，结合公路现场的随机抽样调查，有30%的车流量分流到本项目，确定路段的基年交通量，见表32。交通量增长率表表32 单位：%路段年份瓮安县轿车客车其它200520201520202020203 D、正常交通量预测根据表31基年数据，计算未来正常交通量，见表33。 正常交通量预测表 表33 单位：辆/日（小客车）年份20042009201420192024交通量52897123124391709723547注：数据为混合车折算值（2）诱增交通量目前，对公路交通的诱增影响缺乏研究，国内一般采用断面交通量的10%30%。本报告在公路开通第一年考虑诱增交通量为断面交通量的20%，此后逐年递减，至评价期末不考虑诱增交通量。三、交通量预测结果经上述预测分析，远景交通量见表34。 远景交通量预测表表34 单位：辆/日（小客车）年份20042009201420192024交通量52897820134521895125920第四章 建设规模、技术标准初步方案一、建设规模路线起于贵阳市开阳县花黎乡，路线终点为瓮安县江界河码头。路线全长 43.460公里，全线按高速公路标准设计，路基宽度为24.5米，双向四车道，设计速度80公里/小时。全线共有桥梁二十三座，其中大桥十五座。隧道2座共1200 米。路面为沥青混凝土路面。二、技术标准开阳花黎至瓮安江界河码头公路采用的技术标准如下：公路等级 高速公路设计速度 80公里/小时路基宽度 21.5米最小平曲线半径 250米最大纵坡 6%路面类型 沥青混凝土路面桥涵荷载 公路级车道数 双向四车道公路服务水平 二级交通工程及沿线设施等级 A级主要技术指标论证1、平面设计A圆曲线最小半径计算式为Rmin=V2/127（i+）。式中：为汽车横向力系数， i为路面横向坡度，设计速度为80公里/小时，建议R值大于250米。B回旋线最小长度Lmin根据规范规定的回旋线长度和超高、加宽缓和段长度，建议应大于70米。C超高缓和段因为该段道路地形复杂，超高缓和段一般应大于70米。D平曲线组合原则 （1）按直线回旋线圆曲线回旋线直线的顺序。 （2）直线长度：当地形较好、纵坡变换不频繁的地段不宜采用较长的直线，设计速度为80公里/小时，最长直线不超过1600米，同向最短不小于480米，反向最短不小于160米。2纵面设计高速公路设计速度为80公里/小时，最大纵坡不大于6%，纵坡最小坡长应大于200米，竖曲线最小长度应大于70米，凸形竖曲线最小半径应大于3000米， 凹形竖曲线最小半径应大于2000米。三、路线起止点及中间控制点本路线起于开阳县花黎乡，起点里程为K0+000（省道S305 K246+000），路线沿S305线经瓮安中坪后向北改线走新线，经青蛇坡、界牌、在K27+200处下坝接上马遵公路，沿老路经玉山、龙塘，由于真武山至江界河段高差太大，在真武山改走老路右侧，顺等高线展线至江界河码头，路线终点为瓮安县江界河码头，终点里程为K43+460，路线全长为43.460公里。四、路基工程1、路基压实度：由于该线路属于重型交通为主体的行驶路段，路基压实度应符合下列标准：填方路堤的路槽底面以下080厘米和零填方及挖方路基的030厘米范围内