定语从句导学案.doc

定语从句导学案 (Attributive Clauses)本章节的学习要点：1. 定语从句的相关概念2. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的意义及其区别3.引导定语从句的连接词的基本用法、特殊用法及其区别4.as引导限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法5.定语从句与同位语从句和其它从句的区别。定语从句的相关概念的建立1. 定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一个名词、代词或整个句子的句子叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词语或句子叫先行词。连接定语从句的连接词有关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as）和关系副词（when, where, why或介词+which）。关系代词既要起到连接从句的作用，又要代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语或方式状语成分；关系副词既要起到连接从句的作用，又要代替先行词在从句中充当时间、地点、原因状语成分。定语从句必须放在被修饰语（即先行词）的后面。掌握定语从句的运用就是掌握连接词的使用。例如：You are the only the person who can help him. 你是唯一能帮助他的人。（先行词在从句中做主语） He wants to work in the laboratory whose facilities are complete. 他想找家设备完善的实验室工作。（先行词在从句中做定语） Great changes have taken place in the town where I was born. 我出生的城镇发生了巨大的变化。（先行词在从句中做地点状语） 2. 定语从句的分类：定语从句根据它们与主句的关系又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性 定语从句。限制性定语从句是句子意思不可缺少的组成部分，若去掉它，句子意思就 不完整、不明确或不合逻辑；非限制性定语从句是一种插入语，一种信口补充的插话、 一种旁白或注释，它们对先行词不起限制作用，仅仅是对意思已经相当明确的先行词 加以补充说明，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。例如：His girl friend, who is on a journey, sent him a postcard. 他的女朋友正在旅行，她寄给他一张明信片。 Yesterday I went to the museum, where I met a classmate of mine.3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别： 1)限定词定语从句是对先行词的限定，去掉它会对原句产生质的影响；而非限定性 定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，去掉它不会对原句产生质的影响。例如：He has a son who is a lawyer. （限制性定语从句） 他有一个作律师的儿子。（句子意思暗含：他不止有一个儿子） He has a son, who is a lawyer. （非限制性定语从句） 他有一个儿子 ，他是个律师。（句子意思含：他只有一个儿子） 2)限制性定语从句只能修饰名词或者代词；非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰词，还 可以修饰句子。例如：Africa is actually connected with Asia at the spot where（at which） the Suez Canal was dug. 非洲实际上在开凿苏伊士运河的地方与亚洲相连。 The greatest earthquake was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundred kilometres away. 这场最大的地震在200公理以外的北京都感觉到了。 He changed his mind, which made everybody surprised 他改变了主意，这令大家很吃惊。4 选择关系代词和关系副词的依据。先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语 和方式状语时要用关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose, as等）；先行词在定语从句 中作表语(表示地点)或状语(时间、地点、原因)时，用关系副词(when, where, why)或 “介 词+which”。连接定语从句的连接词的选择取决于先行词在定语从句中的所充当的成分， 同时，限制性定语从句与非限制定语从句又有一定的不同。所以，要确定连接定语从 句的连接词就要：确定定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的；确定先行词是指人还是指物；确定连接词代替先行词在定语从句中充当什么成份。确定先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分有两种情况。若定语从句缺少主语、宾语（及物动词）或表语时，很容易看出来，因为它们是构成句子的必要成分，用关系代词；否则，要根据上下文语意和逻辑性来判断先行词在定语从句中作的成分。注意：关系代词或者关系副词已经代替先行词在定语从句中充当相应的成分，所以从句中不 能重复出现该成分。学习限制性定语从句通过观察下列例句完成表格：1. He would give the book to his grandson who/that was not yet born. 他要把这本书留给还未出生的孙子。 She is the lady (who/whom/that) I met in your office yesterday. 她就是我昨天在你办公室遇见的那个女士。 My sister married the man (who/whom/that) she was engaged to. =My sister married the man to whom she was engaged. 我姐姐嫁给了和她定婚的那个人。2. They work in a factory that /which makes colour TV sets. 他们在生产彩电的工厂里工作。 We used to quarrel with each other during the days (that/which) we spent together on the farm. 我们在农场一起呆着期间经常吵架。 Well meet at the place (that/which) we visited last week. 我们就在上星期参观的那个地方会面。 Nearby were two canoes (that/which) they had come to the island in. =Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island. 他们来岛时乘坐的两只独木舟就在附近。3. Its a puzzle to me that what has made him the man (that) he is. 我不明白是什么使他变成现在这个样子。 China is no longer the China (that) she used to be. 中国已不是过去的那个中国了。The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident and went to the hospital to see him.金先生工作的那个部门的老板听说了这个事故，然后去医院看他。His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor.他的父母不让他娶穷人家的姑娘。I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease=I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease.我看到一些树因染上疾病叶子发黑。4. I dont like the way (that/in which) you listen with your mouth half open.我不喜欢你半张着嘴听话的方式。5. This was the period when (in which) he first began the research and studies which led to his famous Theory of Relativity. 就是在这个时期，他首次开始了导致他后来创立著名相对论的探索和研究。 Ill never forget the day when (on which) I joined the army. 我从不会忘记入伍的那一天。 6. The old prime Minister went into the hall where（in which）the cheats were working at the empty looms. 老丞相走进了骗子干活的大厅，他们正在空织布机旁织布。 The zoo where (to which) my father took me for the first time isnt far away. 我父亲第一次领我去的动物园离这不远。 We met at the same place (where/in which) I saw him last. 我们是在上一次见到他的原地方会面的。 Each morning, Billy leaves the house at 5:15 to go to the corner where the newspapers are. 比利每天早上5:15离开家去到报纸所在的地方。7. The reason (why/for which/that) hes changed his mind isnt clear to us. 我们不清楚他改变主意的原因。 Do you know the reason (why /for which/ that) he was sentenced to death. 你知道他被判死刑的原因吗？ 先行词（n. &pron.）先行词在从句中的成分 连接词（关系代词和关系副词）1. 指人作主语关系代词作动宾或介词不提前的宾语作介词提前的宾语2. 指物作主语作动宾或介词不提前的宾语作介词提前的宾语3. 指人/指物作表语作定语4. way方式状语5. 时间名词时间状语关系副词6. 地点名词地点状语7. reason原因状语学习关系代词asas 引导的定语从句须满足两个条件用于the sameas（和一样的）,suchas（这样的）,asas（像是的）句型中；as代替由the same, such, as 引导的整个名词短语（即先行词）在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或方式状语。此时，as引导的定语从句常省略与主句相同的句子成分。其中such可与as连在一起引导定语从句。另外，“such+ a(an)+adj+n.(单数)”可以替换成 “so + adj+a(an)+n.(单数)”。例如：What is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a childs character as what islearned through experience (can have). 从书本上学来的东西对孩子品质的影响不可能和亲身体验中学来的东西的影响一样深刻。（as代替先行词effect在从句中作宾语） I have never seen such a lazy man/so lazy a man as you (are).我从未见过你这样懒惰的人。（as代替先行词man在从句中作表语）Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser.=Let children read books such as will make them better and wiser.让孩子们读会使他们变得更好更聪明这样的一些书。（as代替books在从句中作主语）He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.他将尽可能找漂亮的女孩结婚。（as代替先行词girl在从句中作宾语）I shall do it in the same way as you did.我要用你做事的方式做这件事。(as代替先行词way在从句中作方式状语)限制性定语从句用法口诀：定从须放名词后，关系代副充成分，关系词依名从定。人主或宾that/who/whom; 物主或宾that/which;无论人物表用that; 表宾连词可省略。way做方式用that/in which; 地点名词地点状，where和“介词+which”可互换；时间名词时间状，when和“介词+which”可互换；reason原因why和for which；as用法记句型。切忌成分莫重复。学习非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰某一个词，还可以修饰句子。1. 非限制性定语从句修饰某一个词。非限制性定语从句修饰某一个词时，其连接词（关系动词或关系副词）的用法基本上与限制性定语从句相同。只是that, why不能引导非限制性定语从句。例如：Travelers who return to the South after many years absence can hardly believe the improvements they see. 离别多年后重返南方的旅游者简直难以相信他们亲眼看到的变化。（限制性） Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was murdered on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington D.C. 亚伯拉罕林肯领导美国度过了这些战争年代，他于1865年4月14日在首都华盛顿 一家戏剧院里被人枪杀。（非限制性）The supporting and understanding of each other that results from shared experiences and emotions does seem to create a powerful bond, which can overcome differences in background, and break down barriers of age, class or race.（that限制性，which非限制性） 渊源于共同经历和情感的相互支持、相互理解的确会导致建立一种强有力的纽带，它 能够克服人们背景的差异，打破年龄、阶层或种族的壁垒。 Gone are the days when I was young and gay. 我年轻而又快乐的日子已经逝去。（限制性） Well put off the outing till next week, when we wont be so busy. 我们把出游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不这么忙了。（非限制性）2. 非限制性定语从句修饰句子。若非限制性定语从句用于修饰整个句子（主句或从句）时，用as或which引导非限制性定语从句。此时，as, which代替整个被修饰的句子在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。也就是说，这个时候的非限制性定语从句或缺少主语，或缺少宾语，或缺少表语。 1）as引导的非限制性定语从句无论放在主句之前、中间或之后，都是对主句的修饰， 且有“正像（如）”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在被修饰句子 的后面，被修饰的句子可以是主句也可以是其它从句，意为“这；那”。例如：The girl forgot to bring her dictionary, as often happened. 这个女孩又像往常一样忘带字典来。（修饰主句）As might have been expected, he won first prize. 正如所料，他得了头奖。（修饰主句） Paper was first made in China, as is known to all. 众所周知，纸最早是在中国制造的。（修饰主句）I tried to get out of the business, which I found impossible. 我试图摆脱此事，可我发现这是不可能的。（修饰前面的主句） Whenever I met her, which was frequent, I liked her sweet and hopeful smile. 无论我何时见她，而我也常见她，我就喜欢她那甜美而又充满希望的笑。 （修饰前面的时间状语从句） Carol said that the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗儿说这项工作十月份就能完成，而我本人对此很是怀疑。（修饰前面的宾语从句） 2)可用“which +名词”构成的名词词组引导非限制性定语从句，而as却无此用法。 此时which 代替其前的句子在从句中作限定词。例如：He is old, which fact is important .他老了，这一事实很重要。He may come, in which case Ill ask him.他也许会来，那时我会问他的。非限制性定语从句用法口诀：分清限定与非限，了解区别分对待。修饰词语同限定，但有区别要注意，不用that词不省；修饰句子as或which。但有区别要记住，as“正像”和“正如”，which意为“这”和“那”，as位置不受限，which须放修句后。探究学习1. 定语从句与同位语从句和其它从句的区别: 1）与同位语从句的区别：同位语从句和定语从句都是对其前名词的进一步说明。但 同位语从句本身是一个结构完整的句子，被说明的词在从句中没有它的位置，即不充 当成分；而定语从句则需要其连接词（关系代词或关系副词）代替先行词在定语从句 中充当缺少的成份，否则从句本身不完整；同位语从句说明其前名词的内容，而定语 从句则是对先行词的修饰限定。试比较： He put forward the suggestion that the second question should be discussed first. 他提出建议，先讨论第二个问题。（同位语从句） The suggestion (that/which) he put forward was that the second question should be discussed first.他提出的建议是先讨论第二个问题。（定语从句，that/which为关系代词） 2）与其它从句之间的区别：定语从句前必须有所修饰的词即先行词，而其它从句则 无；引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词要代替先行词在从句中充当成份，而其它 从句要么本身很完整，要么只需连接代词或连接副词直接充当从句中的成份；引导 定语从句的关系副词where/when/why都可被“介词which”所替代，而其它从句的 连接副词where/when/why则不行。试比较：This factory is where my father used to work.这个工厂就是我父亲曾工作过的地方。(表语从句)This is the factory where (in which) my father used to work.这就是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。（定语从句）This museum is what I visited yesterday.这个博物馆就是我昨天参观的。(表语从句)This museum is the one (that/which) I visited yesterday.这个博物馆就是我昨天参观过的那个。(定语从句)What(All that) he said surprised us.他说的话令我们吃惊。 (what引导主语从句； that 引导定语从句修饰all) Please put the book where it was after reading it. 看完书后，请放回原处。（where 引导地点状语从句，其前没有它修饰的先行词） Dont put your glasses on the place where （in which）they can be damaged easily. 不要把眼镜放在易被损坏的地方。（where引导定语从句修饰place,可被in which替代）2. 定语从句的几点说明 1）定语从句与先行词发生脱节。有时定语从句和先行词之间常会插入别的成份。此时 要注意句子的意思和主谓一致的问题。例如：He is the only person of the people who was praised for it.他是这些人中唯一为此受到表扬的人。（先行词为the only person）The Great wall was one of the few man-made objects on earth that could be seen by the astronauts who landed on the moon. 长城是登月宇航员能够看到地球上为数不多的人工建筑物之一。（that引导的定语从句的先行词为the few man-made objects on earth）These worms then weave silk cocoons around themselves, inside which they change from fat worms to ants. 接着这些小虫子吐线织茧，把自己裹在里面，它们在茧中由肥胖的小虫子长成为蚂蚁。（先行词为cocoons） 2）定语从句的时态问题。定语从句的时态一般不受主句时态的限制，但却要附合 “主 将从现”规则，即若一个主从复合句是关于将来时的，有一个将来时就够了（通常为主 句），从句用一般现在时或一般过去时表示一般将来或过去将来时。例如：The first person who opens that door will get a shock.先打开那扇门的人准会吓一跳。Shell probably be on the same plane as I am tomorrow.她明天很可能跟我同乘一架飞机。Can you suggest a time when it will be convenient to meet?你能否提出一个方便的会面时间？ 3） 定语从句的倒装。当引导定语从句的介词短语在从句中充当地点状语从句，从句主 语又不是人称代词时，定语从句一般要采用全部倒装（参见倒装句）。例如：Soon they arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他们不久来到一所农舍，房前坐着一个男孩。He lives in a big house, at the back of which grow many trees.他住在一间大房子里，房后长了许多的树。For that day the headmaster had prepared some cards on which were written,“Alsace, France, Alsace, France”. 老师为那天（抄写）准备了一些卡片，上面写着“阿尔萨斯，法兰西、阿尔萨斯，法兰西”。4）from where引导的定语从句。关系副词前一般不能有介词，但介词from却可放于关系副词where前，引导定语从句。例如：His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 他从二楼的一个窗口伸出头来，从那里他只能看到树林。The baby looked with consciousness in the direction from where the voice came.那婴儿有意识地朝着声音传来的方向看。 5）只能用that 引导定语从句的情况。先行词在定语从句中做主语或宾语时，有些情况 只能用that。此时，先行词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，that可省略；若先行词指人用 that比用who/whom更普遍。观察并完成下列表格： 先 行 词 的 情 况 例 句She told her father all that had happened.她把发生的一切都告诉了父亲。There is little (that) the enemy can do besides giving up.敌人只好投降。I hope that the little oil (that) Ive got will be of some use.我希望我弄到的这点油能有一些用途。Any boy that wants to swim can go with us