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舰船液压跳板装置的设计【9张CAD图纸和说明书】

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关键词：: 舰船液压跳板装置设计 9张 cad 图纸说明书

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摘要

现实当中我们看到的登船梯给我们的感觉是很笨重，不方便，如果用于游船是可行的，但是如果用于航母或军舰的话，那肯定不能符合使用要求了（一旦码头情况不允许那就会带来麻烦），所以必须研制出一种既轻巧方便又安全能适应军用的登船梯系统，这就是我的课题所要做达到的要求。

我所设计的跳板装置不仅设计了一些机械传动，还在原有的基础上采用了液压传动。采用液压传动的突出优点是：易于实现频繁的起动、换向和变速，且对船舶电站的影响较小；惯性小、位置控制精度较高；输出的力和转矩可以很大，但线速度和转速可以很低，体积和重量却很小；调速范围广。因此，液压传动现已广泛应用在各类船舶上。本课题是我国首艘航母上液压登船梯的设计。跳板（登船梯）主要用于军舰与码头之间人员及限重物资通过或迁移。本登船梯系统即可电动也可手动，手动是通过手摇泵来实现的，手摇泵的运用是为了防止断电情况下登船梯不能使用而设计的。

关键词：登船梯；液压传动；手摇泵

Abstract

Reality we have seen boarding ladder gives us the feeling is very heavy, inconvenient for cruise ships is feasible, but if for aircraft carriers or warships, it certainly does not meet the requirements (once the pier is notit will cause trouble), it is necessary to develop a lightweight and convenient and safe to be able to adapt to a military boarding ladder system, this is my topic have to do to achieve the requirements.

?? ?I designed a springboard device not only designed a number of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission still in the original basis. With hydraulic drive of the outstanding advantages: easy to implement frequent starting, commutation and variable speed, and less impact on the ship's power plant; inertia, high precision position control; force and torque of the output can be large, but the line speed and the speed can be very low, very small size and weight; wide speed range. Therefore, the hydraulic drive is now widely used in all types of vessels. The issue is China's first aircraft carrier, the hydraulic design of the boarding ladder. Springboard (boarding ladder) is mainly used for warships to the pier and weight limit supplies through or migrate. The boarding ladder system to the electric can also be manually manually by hand pump, the use of the hand pump is designed to prevent the boarding ladder in case of power failure can not be used.

Keywords: boarding ladder; hydraulic transmission; hand pump

摘要 III

Abstract IV

目录 V

1 绪论 1

1.1国内登船梯的概况和发展趋势 1

1.2课题的提出与意义 2

1.3本课题应达到的要求 4

2总体方案的确定 5

2.1 设计依据 5

2.2确定机械结构设计方案 5

2.3确定液压系统设计方案 5

3机械结构设计及其校核 6

3.1 概述 6

3.2设计依据 6

3.3 设计范围及其设计方案 6

3.3.1 基架设计及校核 6

3.3.2 回转支架的设计 8

3.3.3 登船梯的设计 9

3.3.4 油缸的设计 10

3.3.5 确定执行元件的设计 10

3.3.6主回转液压马达的选择计算 20

4液压系统的设计及其校核 21

4.1液压系统的组成 21

4.2液压系统的主要优缺点 21

4.2.1 液压传动的优点 21

4.2.2 液压传动的缺点 21

4.3 液压系统设计 22

4.3.1 概述及液压系统方案设计 22

4.3.2液压能源装置设计 24

4.3.3液压阀的选择 24

4.3.4液压辅助元件的设计与选择 25

4.3.5 液压控制说明 30

5 CATIA有限元分析方法 31

5.1 有限元分析方法简介 31

5.2进行有限元分析的目地和意义 31

5.3活塞杆的受力变形情况进行分析 32

5.3.1 分析步骤 32

6 结论与展望 34

6.1结论 34

6.2 展望 34

致谢 35

参考文献 36

1 绪论

1.1国内登船梯的概况和发展趋势

登船梯属于非标产品，其设计计算在国内至今尚无规范可遵循，但可依据海洋工程、船用甲板起重机、港口工程起重机、船用舷梯等特性设计。主要用于海洋钻井平台与平台之间人员及限重物资通过和迁移。为考虑使用时方便、安全、可靠、实用，设计上采用了液压传动的全回转、可升降的动作方案。

国内主要有三种登船梯结构形式：

(1)SS-1型登船梯上海石化总厂海运码头二期扩建工程系采用的型号。该型登船梯适用于工作行程在工作平台以下的码头，但是，其回转跑梯式提伸架提升质量大，电机功率消耗较大，有待于进一步完善。

(2)SS-5型登船梯该型登船梯适用于镇海炼化股份有限公司算山泊码头25万吨级泊位工程。该梯合理地运用了曳引机和液压传动系统，使其整体结构紧凑明了，旋转、伸缩的载荷小，由于选用的油缸尺寸较小，与卷扬机传动系统相比，造价增加不大。

(3)SS-6型登船梯该梯使用于舟山兴中石油转运有限公司，该梯运用了液压传动的特点，是舷梯浮动，易于实现自动化控制，小变幅机构增加了舷梯的工作幅度，使舷梯上仰时也能工作，降低了梯架的提升高度。

2007年9月8日，香港“宝瓶星”号国际豪华油轮平稳停靠在厦门东渡国际客运旅游码头，搭乘该轮近2000名来自世界各地的游客下船时，登上了新近投入使用的我国首个油轮登船系统。

2006年8月，交通部水运科学研究所受厦门港委托签订了登船系统的研制合同。水科院经过一年多的技术设计、方案审查、施工设计、制造安装、试车运行，登船系统已于2007年7月经过了专家用户的现场检验后，正式交付使用了。经过了近2个月的试运行，厦门东渡国际客运旅游码头，已接运了“宝瓶星”号四个航次的停靠，近8000人次旅客安全使用了登船系统。有关专家一致认为，登船系统设计构造新颖，性能先进，达到了国际先进水平。

登船系统的使用避免了厦门东渡国际客运旅游码头旅客露天上下游轮，为旅客提供了一个舒适便捷、环境优雅的上下游轮通道，海关人员可以直接在候船联检大楼办公。豪华游轮旅客登船系统的使用，改变了动用吊车、叉车调运旅客旋梯与游轮对接的传统操作模式，实现了接船作业的全自动化，提高了游客上下游轮的安全性和旅客的通关速度，节省了旅客的上下游轮时间。出入的旅客赞叹道，登船就像登机一样方便。

交通部水运科学研究院接手这难题后，根据基本设计条件．设计了由一台移动升降式登船机和一台旋转伸缩式登机桥两部分组成的登船系统。移动升降式登船机安装在码头前沿原有的集装箱岸桥轨道上，旋转伸缩式登机桥通道头部的接机口与登船机尾部旅客通道口对接。登船系统的首尾分别连接游轮和大楼候船联检大厅。而且，没有客轮到岸时，登船设备可以分离、移走，码头用于集装箱装卸作业，满足码头多功能作业的要求。

首次采用移动升降式登船机与旋转伸缩式登机桥组合形式的登船系统，满足了接船高度和跨度范围大的特殊要求，接船跨度达50米。创下接船高度范围达1.07米至11.44米，旅客登船桥接船高度超过9米两项世界之最，是国内接船高度差和跨度最大的国际豪华游轮登船系统。

这是我国完全独立研发、拥有自主知识产权的产品。

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内容简介：: 编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：舰船液压跳板装置的设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923072学生姓名：咸玉峰指导教师：过金超（职称：副教授）2013 年 5 月 25 日目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：舰船液压跳板装置的设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923072 学生姓名：咸玉峰指导教师：过金超（职称：副教授）2012 年 11 月 24 日课题来源实验室课题。科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题科学意义随着人类社会的不断发展，陆地可开放资源日渐枯竭，世界各国逐渐将目光转向海洋，海洋资源的开放及利用对各国的发展起到了越来越重要的作用。由此引起的国家及地区间争端、摩擦不断。进入新世纪以来，随着海洋岛礁及资源争夺的加剧，海上运输线安全形势日趋恶化，海上利益争夺的形势将更加严峻，尤其是美、日、俄、印等国家，为壮大海军采取多种措施，已出现群雄争锋的局面。在全面实施海洋开放的时代背景条件下，海军肩负着维护国家安全，捍卫主权、维护国家海洋权益的神圣使命。同时由于我们国家日益发展的经济情况还有我们日益强大的军事技术，我们和外界的联系也渐渐的紧密起来了。但是由于我国有着较为宽广的港口领域，所以海上交通便是我们和外界取得联系的最好方式。但是海上交通就一定会用到轮船，而与陆地取得联系就一定要用到跳板了，所以我便对这种跳板装置进行了一些设计。跳板作为自行轮船重要的组成部分，可以在轮船靠近岸边时，可以作为被保障装备通行的桥梁。（2）机械制造的研究状况及其发展前景近年来，我国国民经济继续保持了快速发展的态势，国家重大基础设施工程已全面铺开，国内农用机械、工程机械、航空、铁路、公路、汽车、造船等行业持续发展，旺盛的生产建设需求将带动液压技术的持续增长。21 世纪初，机械制造业总的发展趋势为“四化”：柔性化：使工艺装备与工艺路线能适用于生产各种产品的需要，能适用于迅速更换工艺、更换产品的需要；敏捷化：使产品推向市场准备时间缩为最短，使机械制造厂机制能灵活转向；智能化：柔性自动化的重要组成部分，它是柔性自动化的新发展和延伸。人类不仅要摆脱繁重的体力劳动，而且还要从繁琐的计算、分析等脑力劳动中解放出来，以便有更多的精力从事高层次的创造性劳动。智能化促进柔性化，它使生产系统具有更完善的判断与适应能力。 21 世纪初，产品的更新换代将不断加快，各种各样的需要不断增加。据美国、日本和欧洲等发达国家的统计，19751995 年机械零件的种类增加了 4050，而7585的工作人员不直接与材料打交道，转与信息打交道。8088的活动不直接增加产品附加值，产品工艺过程、组织管理日益复杂化。设计、工艺准备等项工作约占为完成用户订货总时间的 60%以上。另一方面，在激烈的市场竞争中，供货期与产品质量往往起着比价格更为重要的作用。敏捷化已是在机械制造业面前的重大课题。在技术上要实现柔性化，在生产组织上要实现变革，这些都是机械制造企业刻不容缓的大事；信息化：机械制造业将不再是由物质和能量借助于信息的力量生产出价值，而是由借助于物质和能量的力量生产出价值。因此，信息产业和智力产业将成为社会的主导产业。机械制造也将是由信息主导的，并采用先进生产模式、先进制造系统、先进制造技术和先进组织管理方式的全新的机械制造业。21 世纪初，机械制造业的重要特征表现在它的全球化、网络化、虚拟化、智能化以及环保协调的绿色制造等。研究内容由于整个装置的受力情况比较复杂，无法用常规的材料力学方法进行校核，必须用有限元的相关软件进行分析，而这是大部分企业所不能做到的；要对整个装置进行动力学分析，导出运动部件各个时刻的受力情况；要设计驱动变幅油缸、回转马达液压系统；登船梯的回转运动、转动缓冲（这是以前两种登船梯所不能做到的动作）；登船梯的上升、下降、停止、浮动状态四个动作（这更是难点所在）；在保证机械部分能够完成所要求的工作的情况下，还要考虑到液压系统的结构，要尽量使结构变的简单。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）实验方案1.达到技术指标所规定要求，满足实际工作需要。2.熟悉相关液压原理，及相关阀的使用。3.工作时定位准确，启停无冲击。4.工作时噪音小，发热较小，工作可靠。（2）研究方法1.在标准条件下，与原来的登船梯进行对比。2.在不同的量化条件下，显现出它的优点。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012 年 11 月 12 日-2012 年 12 月 25 日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013 年 1 月 11 日-2013 年 3 月 5 日：填写毕业实习报告。2013 年 3 月 8 日-2013 年 3 月 14 日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013 年 3 月 15 日-2013 年 3 月 21 日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013 年 3 月 22 日-2013 年 4 月 11 日：舰船液压跳板装置的设计。2013 年 4 月 12 日-2013 年 4 月 25 日：CAD 设计。2013 年 4 月 26 日-2013 年 5 月 21 日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：达到预期的实验结论：易于实现频繁的起动、换向和变速，且对船舶电站的影响较小；惯性小、位置控制精度较高；输出的力和转矩可以很大，但线速度和转速可以很低，体积和重量却很小；调速范围广。特色或创新之处既轻巧方便又安全能适应军用的登船梯系统，这就是我的课题所要做达到的要求。采用固定某些参量、改变某些参量来研究问题的方法，思路清晰，简洁明了，行之有效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题设备制造已成功，图纸也已基本完成。故需我在搞清设备工作原理的基础上，经改进设计，就可进行正式图纸绘制。我在设计中还须对现有液压系统进行分析，须重新设计液压原理。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日The prospects for the development of mechanical and hydraulicWith the continuous development of human society, the land could be open resources depleted, the world is gradually turning to the ocean, open and use of marine resources has played an increasingly important role in the development of countries. Disputes between countries and regions of the resulting friction. Since the beginning of the new century, with the ocean reefs and the scramble for resources intensifies, sea lanes security situation deteriorating situation of the competing interests at sea will be more severe, especially in the United States, Japan, Russia, India and other countries for the growth of the Navy adopted a multi- kinds of measures, warlords contend situation. In the era of full implementation of the open sea background conditions, the the Navy shoulder the sacred mission to safeguard national security, to defend its sovereignty, safeguard national maritime rights and interests.At the same time due to the growing economic situation of our country and our increasingly powerful military technology, and the outside world has gradually close up. However, China has a relatively wide field of ports, maritime transport is the best way to contact the outside world. Maritime traffic will be used in ships, land contact must use the springboard, so I will be the springboard device design. Springboard as their own ship an important part of the ship close to the shore, can be used as the access bridge support equipment.Reality we have seen boarding ladder gives us the feeling is very heavy, inconvenient for cruise ships is feasible, but if for aircraft carriers or warships, it certainly does not meet the requirements (once the pier is not it will cause trouble), it is necessary to develop a lightweight and convenient and safe to be able to adapt to a military boarding ladder system, this is my topic have to do to achieve the requirements.I designed a springboard device not only designed a number of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission still in the original basis. With hydraulic drive of the outstanding advantages: easy to implement frequent starting, commutation and variable speed, and less impact on the ships power plant; inertia, high precision position control; force and torque of the output can be large, but the line speed and the speed can be very low, very small size and weight; wide speed range. Therefore, the hydraulic drive is now widely used in all types of vessels. The issue is Chinas first aircraft carrier, the hydraulic design of the boarding ladder. Springboard (boarding ladder) is mainly used for warships to the pier and weight limit supplies through or migrate. The boarding ladder system to the electric can also be manually manually by hand pump, the use of the hand pump is designed to prevent the boarding ladder in case of power failure can not be used.In recent years, Chinas national economy maintained a momentum of rapid development, major national infrastructure projects in full swing, the sustainable development of domestic agricultural machinery, construction machinery, aviation, railway, highway, automobile, shipbuilding and other industries, strong demand for production and construction will drive the continued growth of the hydraulic technology.By the early 2000s, the general trend of development of the machinery manufacturing industry as the four modernizations:(1) Flexibility: the process equipment and process route can be applied to the needs of the production of a variety of products, can be applied to the rapid replacement of the process, replace the product needs;(2) Agile: products to market for the shortest preparation time reduction, machinery factory steering mechanism flexibility;(3) Intelligent: an important part of the flexible automation, it is a new development and extension of the flexible automation. Humans not only to get rid of the heavy manual labor, but also from the tedious calculations, analysis of mental liberation, in order to have more energy to engage in high-level creative work. The intellectualized promote flexible production system has better judgment and ability to adapt.The early 2000s, the upgrading of products will continue to speed up a wide variety of needs increasing. According to the statistics of the United States, Japan and Europe and other developed countries, from 1975 to 1995, the type of mechanical parts increased by 40% to 50%, from 75% to 85% of the staff do not deal directly with the material, turn to deal with the information. 80% to 88% of the activity does not directly increase the value-added products, product process, organization and management of increasingly complex. Design, process preparation work about ordering more than 60% of the total time for the completion of the user. On the other hand, in the fierce market competition, supply and product quality often plays a more important role than price. Agility is a major issue in front of the machinery manufacturing industry. Technically to achieve the flexibility, to bring about change in the organization of production, these are machinery manufacturing enterprises urgent event;(4) information technology: machinery manufacturing industry will no longer matter and energy by means of the power of information to produce value, but by the help of the power of matter and energy production value. Therefore, the information industry and intelligence industry will become the leading industry of the society. Machinery manufacturing will also be led by the information, and the use of advanced production mode, new mechanical manufacturing of advanced manufacturing systems, advanced manufacturing technology and advanced organizational management way. The beginning of the 21st century, an important feature of the machinery manufacturing industry in its globalization, networking, virtualization, intelligent and green environmental protection coordination manufacturing.I designed a springboard device not only designed a number of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission still in the original basis. With hydraulic drive of the outstanding advantages: easy to implement frequent starting, commutation and variable speed, and less impact on the ships power plant; inertia, high precision position control; force and torque of the output can be large, but the line speed and the speed can be very low, very small size and weight; wide speed range. Therefore, the hydraulic drive is now widely used in all types of vessels.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, actuators, control components, auxiliary components (Annex), and hydraulic oil.Power componentsThe role of the power element is the prime mover mechanical energy is converted into fluid pressure, means of pumps in the hydraulic system, it provides power to the entire hydraulic system. Hydraulic pump structure generally in the form of gear pumps, vane pumps and piston pumps.ActuatorActuators (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for linear reciprocating or rotary motion.Control componentsThe control element (i.e., the various hydraulic valves to control and regulate the pressure of the liquid, flow rate and direction) in the hydraulic system. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the pressure control valves, flow control valves and directional control valves. Pressure valve (safety valve) is divided into benefits flow control valve, pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, pressure relay; flow control valve includes a throttle valve, regulating valve, flow diversion valve; directional control valve includes a one-way valve, pilot-operated check valve, shuttle valve, valve. Depending on the control mode, the hydraulic valves can be divided into the switch control valve setpoint control valves and proportional control valve.Auxiliary componentsAuxiliary components including fuel tanks, filters, tubing and fittings, seals, quick-change fittings, high pressure ball valve, hose assemblies, pressure joints, pressure gauge, oil level, oil temperature meter.Hydraulic oilThe hydraulic oil is the energy transfer in the hydraulic system of the working medium, a variety of mineral oil, emulsion, oil hydraulic molding Hop several categories.A little mechanical knowledge all know, the energy will be converted to each other, and to use this knowledge to explain the power loss of the hydraulic system on the hydraulic system is best, however, the hydraulic system power on the one hand will cause energy loss, so that the system the overall efficiency is decreased, on the other hand, lose this part of the energy will be transformed into heat, so that the temperature rise of the hydraulic oil, oil deterioration, resulting in hydraulic equipment failure. Therefore, the design of the hydraulic system, meet the requirements, but also give full consideration to reduce the power loss of the system.First, from the power source - pump to consider, taking into account the diversification of the actuator working conditions, high flow, low pressure system sometimes needs; sometimes need small flow and high pressure. So I chose to limit pressure variable displacement pump is appropriate, because this type of pump flow varies with changes in system pressure. When the system pressure is reduced, the flow rate is relatively large, can meet rapid stroke of the actuator. Flow when the system pressure increases and decreases accordingly, to meet the working stroke of the actuator. This will not only meet the requirements of the actuator, but also make more reasonable power consumption.Second, hydraulic oil flowing through the various types of hydraulic valves inevitable existence of pressure loss and flow losses, account for a large proportion of this part of the energy loss in the total energy loss. Therefore, a reasonable selection hydraulic pressure valve to adjust the pressure is also an important aspect to reduce the power loss. Flow valve system flow adjustment range to select and to ensure that the minimum stable flow to meet the requirements, the pressure of the pressure valve in the hydraulic equipment to meet the normal work of the case, try to take a lower pressure.If the actuator has a governors request, then select the speed control loop, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the governor, but also minimize power loss. Common speed control loop: Throttling Speed Control Circuit, volume, speed control loop, the volume throttle speed control loop. Throttling Speed loop power loss, low-speed stability. Volume speed control loop is neither overflow losses, no throttling losses, high efficiency, low-speed stability. If you want to meet both requirements at the same time, can be used differential pressure variable volume pump and throttle control Circuits, and to the differential pressure across the throttle as small as possible in order to reduce the pressure loss.Fourth, a reasonable choice of hydraulic oil. The hydraulic oil flowing in the pipeline, will appear in the stickiness, while excessive stickiness will be generated when a greater internal friction, resulting in fluid heat, while increasing the resistance to fluid flow. When the viscosity is too low, could easily lead to leakage, and will reduce the volumetric efficiency of the system, therefore, generally choose the suitable viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics of good oil. Further, when the fluid flow in the pipeline, but also there is frictional pressure loss and the loss of partial pressure of as short as possible, therefore the design of conduit pipe, while reducing elbow.Is to avoid the above referred Some work in the hydraulic system power loss, but the factors affecting the power loss of the hydraulic system there are many, so when the particular design of a hydraulic system needs to be consolidated to consider various other requirements.1) pollution and wear of componentsOil pollutants caused by the wear and tear of the components of various forms of solid particles into motion pair gap, cutting wear or fatigue wear on the surface of the part. High-speed flow of solid particles on the surface of the impact of the components caused by erosive wear. Oil in the water and oil oxidative deterioration of product components have a corrosive effect. In addition, the oil in the air caused by cavitation, resulting in the element surface erosion and destruction.2) element clogged with clamping failureBased on the parameters measured fault diagnosis system is a hydraulic system is working properly, the key depends on two main operating parameters of pressure and flow is in normal working condition, as well as speed and other parameters of the system temperature and actuators is normal or not. The hydraulic system failure phenomenon is a variety of the cause of the malfunction is a combination of factors. The same factors may cause different symptoms, the same fault may correspond to a variety of different reasons. For example: oil pollution may cause failure of the hydraulic system pressure, flow direction, which brought great difficulties to the hydraulic system fault diagnosis.Parameter measurement of fault diagnosis thinking is this, any hydraulic system is working properly, the system parameters to work around the design and setting work if these parameters deviate from the predetermined value, the system will malfunction or may occur malfunction. Hydraulic system failure of the essence of the abnormal changes of the system operating parameters. Therefore, when hydraulic system failure occurs, must be a component of the system or some of the elements of the fault loop a certain point or certain points of the parameter has deviated from a predetermined value, and further it can be concluded. This shows that the operating parameters of a point in the hydraulic circuit is not working properly, the system has a malfunction or failure may occur, require maintenance personnel immediately processed. So on the basis of the parameters measured, combined with logical analysis, you can quickly and accurately identify the fault lies. Parameter measurement method can not only diagnose system failures, but also forecast failures that may occur, and this prediction and diagnosis are quantitative, greatly improving the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. This detection for the direct measurement of speed, and error is small, the testing equipment is simple, easy to promote the use of the production site. Suitable for the detection of any hydraulic system. Measurement without stopping, without damaging the hydraulic system, almost any part of the system to detect not only the existing fault diagnosis and online monitoring, forecasting potential failures.Parameter measurement principleLong as required at any point in the the measured hydraulic system circuit operating parameters will be compared with the normal operation of the system can Analyzing system operating parameters is normal, whether the site where th

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