高中英语Module5Introduction文字素材外研版必修.doc

Module5 Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient ChinaIntroduction1.In ancient China，private teachers traveled from state to state explaining their philosophy.在古代中国，许多私塾先生都周游各国宣传他们的哲学思想。philosophyU哲学；哲学体系。例如：the philosophy of Aristotle 亚里士多德的哲学体系2.Confucius was the most important of the ancient Chinese philosophers.孔夫子是当代中国最重要的哲学家。philosopherC哲学家，思想家；贤人，哲人；学者。例如：the Greek philosophers希腊哲学家take things like a philosopher达观处世3.Confuciuss teachings influences society for more than 2000 years.孔子的思想教诲影响了社会两千多年。teachingsU教义；教诲；教导。例如：the teachings of the Church教会的教义the teachings of Buddha佛教的教义4.Other important thinkers included Mengzi and Mozi.其他的思想家还有孟子和墨子。thinkerC思想家，思索者。例如：a great thinker 伟大的思想家a shallow thinker 浮浅的思想家5.All three teachers believed in the importance of kindness and good government.这三位思想家都相信仁政的重要性。importanceU重要性，重大。例如：the importance of education教育的重要性the importance of the problem问题的重要性a person of importance一位重要的人物news of importance重要新闻6.For example，he hated the idea of war and believed that strong people should look after weaker people.比如，他痛恨战争并且认为强者应当照顾弱者。look after 照顾，照料。例如：My friend looked after my cat while I was on holiday.在我去度假的时候，我的朋友照料我的猫。Hes good at looking after himself.他很会照顾自己。7.All human beings are equal.所有的人都是平等的。equal adj.平等的；相等的。例如：All men are born equal.人生而平等。Fight for equal rights of men and women.为男女权利平等而奋斗。8.People are more important than rulers.人民比统治者重要。rulerC统治者；主宰者。例如：He was the first ruler of the empire.他是这个帝国的第一位统治者。9.I very much agree with statement 4.我非常同意第四种陈述。agree with v.同意。例如：We all agree with what he said.我们都同意他说的话。At last，she agreed with my words.最后，她同意了我的观点。I think I will agree with you.我想我会同意你的意思。Reading and Vocabulary1.Ancient China was a place where states were often at war.古代中国是一个战乱频繁的地方。warC&U战争，战争状态。例如：the horrors of war战争的恐怖the outbreak of war战争的爆发the art of war兵法（战略和战术）the Second World War 第二次世界大战nuclear war核战争the civil war国内战争2.But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.但同时也是一个拥有很多伟大哲学家的一个时期。time C时期；时代。例如：in ancient times 古代 hard times艰苦时代ahead of ones time 思想超时代的behind the times 落伍，跟不上时代in the times of Henry 在亨利三世时代in modern times 在现代3.He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society.他强调仁义、道德 、礼仪在社会中的重要性。（1）kindness U 仁慈；和蔼；好意。例如：Thank you for all your kindness.感谢你的帮助。They were keeping her only out of kindness.他们出于仁慈之心才一直收养着她。（2）duty CU（道德上的）责任，义务。例如：Do not forget your duty to your parents.不要忘记对父母应尽的责任。The children send their duty to their teachers.孩子们对他们的老师很尊敬。（3）order n.礼仪。例如：the order of service as laid down in the Prayer Book祈祷书上规定的礼仪4.Mengzi was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to that of Confucius.孟子是一个思想家，他的思想和孔子有些类似。that是代词，代替teachings。例如：The population of China is larger than that of Japan.中国的人口比日本的多。The air of a suburb is cleaner than that of a city.郊外的空气比都市的（空气）干净。5.His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother.他很小的时候，他父亲就去世了，他由母亲带大。bring up养育，抚养。例如:She brought up five children.她养育了五个孩子。He was brought up respect authority.他从小就受到尊敬师长的教育。His parents died when he was a baby and he was brought up by her aunt.他出生后不久父母双亡，是由姑母抚养大的。6.However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.然而，当他看到统治者不采取他的建议时，他辞职了。resign v.辞职；放弃（权利）。例如：resign ones position（as secretary）辞去（秘书）职务resign office辞职resign from a job辞职resign his post 辞职7.For many years he traveled from state to state，teaching the principles of Confucius.多年来，他周游各国传授孔子的道德思想。principleU道义；为人之道。例如：It is a matter of principle with her to answer her childrens questions honestly.如实地答复孩子们的询问对她来说关系到做人的大问题。8.Mengzi believed that the reason why man is different from the animals is that man is good.孟子认为人不同于动物的原因在于人是善良的。这个句子是一个很复杂的复合句。例如：I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy.我不知道他为什么看上去不高兴。9.Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism.墨子创立了墨子哲学。found vt.创立（学说等）；创办。例如：The school was founded in 1920.这所学校创立于1920年。The ancient Romans founded colonies throughout Europe.古罗马人在整个欧洲建立了殖民地。10.In some ways，his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius.在某些方面，他的主张和孔子的差不多。beliefC&U 信念，信仰，信条。例如：a strong belief in God 虔诚地信仰上帝the Christian belief基督教信仰11.As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.结果，他花了很多年的时间想找一个人们能听从他教诲的国家。spend time（in）doing 花费时间做。例如：I spent an hour reading.我花了一小时来读书。Now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college.现在城市里越来越多的成年人利用业余时间到学校或大学去深造。12.Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.墨子教导我们应该去爱护所有的人，去照顾那些比我们自己弱小的人。该句是一个比较复杂的复合句。Function1.Often，the reason why people are unhappy is that they do not have enough love.通常，人们之所以不高兴的原因是他们没有足够的爱。The reason.is that. 的原因是；的理由是。例如：The reason why Im late is that I missed the bus.我迟到的原因是我没赶上公共汽车。The reason why he did not buy the clothes was that the price was too high.他没买那件衣服的原因是价钱太高了。The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。2.Mengzi resigned because the ruler was not following his advice.孟子辞职是因为统治者不听取他的意见。follow ones advice=take ones advice接受某人的意见。例如：He would not follow/take our advice.他不会听从我们的意见的。advice U 忠告，劝告，建议。例如：I asked my teacher for advice on my future course.我请老师对我的未来去向作些建议。Her advice to me was to work harder.她给我的忠告是更加努力地工作。Vocabulary and speaking1.a sense of responsibility责任感 responsibilityU&C责任；职责；义务。例如：a post of responsibility 有责任的职务accept responsibility 承担责任have a sense of responsibility 有责任感senseU意念；意识；的感觉。例如：a sense of shame羞耻心a moral sense道德观念a sense of hunger 饥饿感a sense of humor 幽默感a musical sense音乐感2.honestyU诚实，正直，实在。例如：Honesty is the best policy.（谚语） 诚实为上策。I cant，in（all）honesty，believe his story.老实说，我没办法相信他说的话。3.justiceU公平，公正，正义。例如：Everyone should be treated with justice.每个人都应受到公正的对待。The justice of these remarks was clear to everyone.人人都明白这些话是公正的。4.respect vt.尊敬；尊重。例如：I respect his courage.我敬佩他的勇气。Ill respect your wishes.我尊重你的愿望。We will respect your privacy.我们会尊重你的隐私权。Listening and vocabulary1.afford vt.有足够的（时间、金钱）做某事。例如：He can afford an apartment.他能买得起一套住房。Can you afford $12 000 for this car? 你花12 000美元买这辆车吗？ If we could afford it，wed like to go abroad for our holidays.如果出得起旅费，我们想到国外去度假。2.barkU树皮。例如：flake bark片状树皮horse chestnut bark马栗树皮ordeal bark 毒树皮primary bark初生粗皮，初生皮ring bark 环状剥皮scaly bark鳞状树皮raw bark 粗皮3.chemistC化学家；药剂师。例如：a chemists shop英药房a technical chemist药学士organic chemist有机化学家；有机化学工作者4.contributionU捐助；捐款。例如：assistance contribution援助捐款silent contribution隐名捐款voluntary contribution自愿捐款the contribution of money to charity慈善捐款additional special contribution额外特别捐款5.leafC叶子，叶。（pl.）leaves。例如：dead leaves 枯叶fallen leaves 落叶green leaves绿叶6.leatherU皮革。例如：leather gloves皮手套leather shoes皮鞋a leather jacket皮夹克be made of leather用皮革制成的artificial leather人造革crown leather 上等皮革7.materialC&U原料；材料。例如：building materials 建筑材料writing materials 书写材料raw materials for industry 工业原料official material 当官的材料high-quality raw material 优质的原料a widely used material使用广泛的材料8.monkC修道士；和尚。例如：monks cloth僧侣袈裟呢料a Buddhist monk和尚；喇嘛The hood does not make the monk.谚穿上袈裟不一定就是和尚； 不可以貌取人。9.print v.印刷；出版。例如：This firm prints a lot of musical and sports books.这家公司出版了大量的音乐和体育书籍。This automatic printer can print 120 pages a minute.这台自动印刷机每分钟能印120页。10.printingU印刷术。例如：the invention of printing印刷术的发明electron printing电子印刷术embossed printing浮凸印刷术11.spread v.张开；伸展；延长。例如：spread out a map 摊开地图spread ones arms张开双臂spread tea on the table把茶点摆在桌子上The bird spread its wings.这只鸟展开翅膀。Writing1.Cars were first used at the end of the nineteenth century，and were no faster than a horse.汽车是在19世纪末出现的，并且和马车跑得一样都不快。at the end of 在末；在尽头。例如：At the end of the day the new manager is no better than the previous one.从各个方面来看，这位新经理并不比前任强。He is down at the end of the garden.他在花园的尽头的那边。no + 比较级 + than 和一样都不。例如：He runs no faster than I.他跑得和我一样都不快。He is no more careful than his brother.他和他的哥哥都不仔细。He is no less careful than his brother.他和他的哥哥都很仔细。2.Up to five people can travel in a car，so often it is cheaper to go by car than to take a train.达到五个人时就可以乘车去旅行，这样乘车比坐火车便宜得多。up to（数目）到之多。例如：up to 100 men 可达一百人count up to twenty slowly 慢慢数到二十3.In conclusion，I think that cars are very useful because travel is so easy with a car.总之，车是很有用的。因为乘车旅行太方便了。in conclusion adv.最后，总之。例如：In conclusion，Id like to say you are fired from our company.最后，我想说你被公司解雇了。Everyday English1.They say that you need to be a bit mad to be an inventor.据说要想成为发明家，得需要一点疯狂和着迷。they say（that）人家说，据说。例如：They say that Ken is very good at operating computers.=It is said that Ken is good at operating computers.=Ken is said to be very good at operating computers.据说肯很会操作电脑。a bit adv.有点；稍微。例如：Im a bit tired tonight.今晚我有点疲倦。The painting on the wall is a bit crooked.墙上的油画有些歪。Dont believe all he says hes a bit of a boaster.别全信他说的，他有点自吹自擂。I asked her to give me a hand but shes being a bit bolshy about it.我请她过来帮忙，但她却有点不乐意。2.If so，then my friend Peter is a bit mad.要是那样的话，那么我的朋友彼得就有点疯了。if so 要是那样的话；在那种情况下。例如：If so，why didnt you tell me?如果是这样，你为什么不告诉我？No，not so.不，不是这样的。3.Hes just invented a clock that not only tells the time，but also plays a song to wake you up!他刚发明了一种表，不仅报时，而且用音乐来叫你起床。tell the time vi.看表；说出时刻。例如：My youngest daughter has just learnt to tell the time.我最小的女儿刚学会看表。Our watch can tell the time of itself.我家的钟表可以自动报时。not only.but also. 不但而且not only.but also.可以连接谓语、宾语、表语、主语和句子等。例如：Not only you but also she has to attend the ceremony.不只是你，她也必须参加典礼。Not only did he teach school，but he wrote novels.他不但在学校里教书，而且还写小说。4.To give an example，they are much better at maths than most westerners.to give an example=for example举例说，比如。例如：He likes listening to English songs，to give an example，“My heart will go on”.他喜欢听英语歌曲，比如，我心永恒。The little boy is very clever，to give an example，he can recite many ancient poems.这个小男孩很聪明，举例说，他能背很多古诗。5.A Chinese friend of mine explained a difficult maths problem to me，and for the first time ever I understood.我的一个中国朋友在给我解释了一道数学难题，我茅塞顿开。for the first time ever 第一次。例如：For the first time ever，she became so angry.这是她第一次生那么大的气。For the first time ever in his life，he became the proud owner of a bed which had springs and a mattress.有生以来第一次有了一张带垫子的弹簧床，他为此很得意。Cultural corner1.These changes became possible because of inventions such as the steam engine.由于一些发明，像蒸汽机，这些变化成为了可能。because of因为，由于，为了。例如：I didnt go out because of rain.因为下雨，所以我没有出去。The driver lost his young life because of his careless driving.那个司机由于粗心驾驶而失去了自己年轻的生命。2.During the Industrial Revolution，factory owners became more powerful than land owners.在工业革命期间，资本家比地主更强大。more.than. 比更；与其说不如说。例如：He is more intelligent than his brother.他比他哥哥更聪明。He is more a scholar than a teacher.与其说他是教师，不如说他是个学者。3.Thousands of people left the countryside to work in the city.成千上万的人都离开乡下到城市里去工作。thousands of数千的；成千上万的。例如：thousands of people 成千上万的人thousands of times 几千遍，千遍万遍；千万倍4.Often，factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions.通常，工厂里的工人都住在条件又差又拥挤的地方。crowded adj.拥挤的，挤满人的。例如：crowded downtown area 闹市，繁华商业区a crowded train拥挤的火车a theater crowded with audience 挤满观众的戏院Grammar（）限制性定语从句用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词（或代词）之后，这种名词（或代词）被称作先行词，引导定语从句的关联词被称为关系代词和关系副词。现将关系代词和关系副词的用法简述如下：一、关系代词关系代词的一般用法列表如下：关系代词指代在定语从句中所充当的成分人物句子主语宾语定语表语whowhomwhichthatwhose1.The man who was here yesterday is a painter.昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。（who作主语）2.The man who I saw is called Smith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。（who作宾语，亦可省略）3.I know the man whom you mean.我认识你指的那个人。（whom作宾语）4.A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用铅笔写的信很难读。（that作主语，指物）5.Is he the man that sells eggs?他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗？（that作主语，指人）6.We told him to consult the doctor，which advice he took.我们让他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。（which作定语）7.The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact，they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上真是如此。（which作表语）8.I have that which you gave me.我有你给我的那个。（which作宾语）9.This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages.这就是那本有多种译本的书。（which作主语）二、关系副词关系副词的一般用法列表如下：关系副词指代先行词所充当的成分when时间时间名词状语where地点地点名词状语why原因reason状语看以下例句：1.Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我们决不会忘记中华人民共和国诞生的那一天。2.The office where he works is on the second floor.他工作的办公室在二楼。3.The reason why he didnt come was not made clear.他未来的原因没有表明。Grammar（）“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句在定语从句中作宾语的只有whom，which，that 三个关系代词，这三个词也能在定语从句中作介词的宾语，但只有whom和which可直接置于介词之后构成“prep. + whom/which”这一结构。例如：I dont know the old woman to whom I gave the umbrella yesterday.我不认识我昨天给她雨伞的那位妇女。This is the largest clock in the world，of which the minute hand is six metres long.这是世界上最大的钟，其分针长达6米。这一结构中的介词从何而来呢？如何选定介词呢？有下面三种情况：（1）它是定语从句中动词的一个固定部分或动词所需的某种习惯搭配。例如：He bought much furniture，on which he spent almost all the money he saved.他买了一些家具，几乎把他所有的积蓄都花光了。The 3 yuan for which I bought the book was borrowed from my friend.我买书花的那三元钱是从我朋友那儿借来的。Smith，from whom weve learned a great deal，is an old worker.史密斯是一位老工人，我们从他那儿学了很多东西。（2）它是先行词的某种习惯搭配。例如：The speed at which light travels is 300 000 per second.光传播的速度是每秒钟300 000公里。May 4 is Youth Day，on which we young people always have meetings for celebration.5月4日是青年节，我们年轻人总是在这一天开会庆祝。His bag，in which she put all her books，has not been found.他的书包尚未找到，她把书她的全放到他的书包里了。（3）它是根据所表达意思来确定的。例如：This colorless gas is called oxygen，in which fires burn much better.这种无色的气体叫氧气，火在氧气里燃烧剧烈。This colorless gas is called oxygen，without which we could not live.这种无色的气体叫氧气，没有它我们就不能生存。This colorless gas is called oxygen，with which we can rescue patient这种无色的气体叫氧气，用氧气我们能够拯救病人。以上重点讲述了关系代词前介词的来历和选定，请细心体会，灵活运用。 定语从句定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词有thatwho whom whose which as, 关系副词有when wherewhy等。正确使用关系词是学好定语从句的关键。 如何选用关系词 关系词在定语从句中有三个作用： 1. 引导一个定语从句； 2. 在从句中代替先行词；3. 在从句中担任某一句子成分。上面例句中的that则代替先行词book,并在从句中作borrow的宾语。where代替in the room,并在从句作live的地点状语。不通的关系词在定语从句中担任不同的句子成分。因此，选用关系词时须（1）分析先行词在从句中担任什么成分，或者说分析从句中缺少什么句子成分；（2）选用可担任该句子成分的关系词。下面我们具体读一下关系词的选用。 关系代词1. 先行词是人时的三种情况：（1）先行词是人，在从句中作主语或者说从句中缺少主语时， 用who 或that。例如：My sister is the girl who (that) is wearing a white skirt.我妹妹就是那个穿白裙子的姑娘。当先行词是one, ones,-body,- one, those等，指人时一般用who,不用that。例如：Those who want to see the film, please raise your hands.想看电影的人，请举手。句中有疑问词who 或在从句中作表语时用关系代词that,不用who.如：Who is the girl that is sitting over there? He is not the man that he used to be.(2)先行词是人，在从句中作宾语即从句中缺动宾或介词时，用 whom 或that（介词后不用that. 例如：1） The teacher wants to return the book to the girl from whom he borrowed it.这位老师想把从这个女孩那儿借的书还给她。2）He is the man (whom) you want to see.他就是你想见的人。关系代词that, which, whom在从句中作宾语时可省略掉。但放在介词后面时则不可省略掉。如上面第一个句子from后面的whom就不能省略掉。(3) 先行词是人，在从句中作定语或者说从句中缺少定语时，用 whose.例如：The boy whose homework hasnt been handed in will be scolded by the master.没交作业的那个孩子将要受到老师的责备。2. 先行词是物时的四种情况（1） 先行词是物，在从句中作主语或者说从句中缺少主语时，用that, which.例如：This is the pen which (that) is being used by Tom.这就是Tom正在用的那只笔。（2） 先行词是物，在从句中作宾语，即从句中缺少动词宾语或介词宾语时，用which或that.介词后不用that. 例如：1）The book that (which) I need isnt in the library,我所需要的那本书不在图书馆。2）This is the fire from which I took a burning stick.这就是那堆火，我从那里拿了一根正在燃烧的棍子。3）先行词是物，且在从句中缺少定语时，用whose或the+名词+of which的结构。例如：1）I saw a snake whose head was turning this way and that.我看见一条蛇，它的头来回摆动。2）We study in the room whose door(= the door of which) faces south.我们在一间门朝南开的房间里学习。如何区别whose与which Which所修饰的先行词只能是物，它在从句中可担任主语宾语等；而whose意为“谁的”或者“的”不但可以指人而且可以指物，它在从句中只能作定语。1） Do you know the man whose house was on fire last night?你认识昨天晚上家里着火的那个人吗？2） This is the room whose window needs repairing.这就是窗需要修的那间房。3） Is this the book which is written by Qiongyao?这就是琼瑶哦写的那本书吗？4）I have read the book which you gave me.你给我的那本书我已经看过了。Practice:1. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?A. the one B. which C. who D. Whom2.He didnt make friends with anyone _ family was poor.A. of that B. whom C. of whose D. whose3. The house _ roof was damaged has now been repaired.A. which B. whose C. that D. of whose4. This is one of the articles that _ written by him. A. was B. were C. is D. are5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 7. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 8. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A.thatagainst B. that againstC. who is agains D. who are against 9. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which