翻译技巧1.LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation

Literal Translation vs. Free Translation,直译与意译,Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original, it is a type of translation in which more attention is given to preserving the SL wording intact（完整的） than to producing a naturally reading TL, also known as word-for-word translation.It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.,1. Literal Translation,直译：指在转达原文意思时，使译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。其理想目标是做到“神”、“形”兼备。即不但表达原文内容，而且保持原文形式上的特点，如比喻、形象、民族特色等。一般认为，译文形式与内容都与原文一致谓之直译，即把原语的表达形式直接移入译语，保持原文的形式与内容。优点：在吸收外来新事物、反映异国风情上比意译更有效，当在形式上无须另辟蹊径即可达到到忠实原文时，当采用直译。,1） Literal translation直译直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.第一位：忠于原文内容；第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。第三位：通顺的译文形式。,汉译英: 感：sense责任感，安全感，自卑感，优越感，A sense of responsibility , A sense of safety, A sense of inferiority, A sense of superiority,节奏感，正义感，羞耻感，幽默感，A sense of rhythm, A sense of justice, A sense of shame, A sense of humor,无助感，方向感，紧迫感，A sense of hopelessness, A sense of direction, A sense of urgency,2） Features of Literal translation A. to be faithful to the original ideological content. A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）.B. be faithful to the form of the original work;It is of less importance for translators to maintain a smooth TL form;鲁迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language).宁其信而不顺【赵景琛：rather to be smooth (in language) than faithful (in thought).宁其顺而不信】,注意A qualified translation must be not only faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.literal translation & word-for-word translationliteral translation & dead translation,3）When should we depend on 直译法 ?（1） Common civilization core, 某些习语和短语的翻译 ,例如：cold war 冷战hot line 热线hot girls in cool suit, spicy girl 辣妹Hot-selling books 热销书/畅销书black market 黑市pillar industry 支柱产业 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水,（2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等,直译可以丰富译语语言。例如： 1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。 2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy. 参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。,3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness. 在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌 请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏)4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。Bosom friends there are within four seas, even the remotest regions are like close neighborsA bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.In wine there is truth. 酒后吐真言。,（ 3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使译文显得通顺自然。 例如： 1) “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings: happy and drunk. 你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。 2) Ill always remember Thanksgivings as the times we ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends. 我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人朋友分享爱的时刻。,to show ones cards 摊牌shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交a gentlemans agreement 君子协定to strike somebody when he is unprepared 攻其不备Soon got, soon gone. 来得容易，去得快。Speech is silver, silence is golden. 雄辩是银，沉默是金。,1、直译与死译,原文结构与汉语结构是一致，照译即可。但如果原文结构与汉语不一致，仍然采取直译方法，就成“死译”了。如：In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）,死译：,Though the flowers are very beautiful, you still shouldnt take out your hand to pick them,The flowers are so fair,And they need your care!,不能直译的语例China policy Chinese dragon American beautyEnglish disease Indian summer Greek gift Spanish athleteFrench chalkpull ones leg,对华政策（不是“中国政策”）,麒麟（不是“中国龙”）,一种玫瑰（月月红），名为“美国丽人”（不是“美国美女”）,软骨病（不是“英国病”）,愉快宁静的晚年,害人的礼品,吹牛的人,滑石粉,开玩笑,eat ones words an apple of love handwriting on the wallbring down the househave a fitmake ones hair stand on end be taken in think a great deal of oneself pull up ones socks,收回前言（不是“食言”）,西红柿（不是“爱情之苹果”）,不祥之兆（不是“大字报”）,博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房子”）,勃然大怒（不是“试穿”）,令人毛骨悚然恐惧（不是“令人发指气愤”）,受骗，上当（不是“被接纳”）,高看或看重自己（不是“为自己想得很多”）,鼓起勇气（不是“提上袜子”）,black art black stranger white coalwhite manyellow book red tapeblue stocking personal remarkWhat a shame! You dont say!,妖术（不是“黑色艺术”）,完全陌生的人（不是“黑色的陌生人”）,（作动力来源用的）水（不是“白煤”）,忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的人”）,黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”）,官僚习气（不是“红色带子”）,女学者、女才子（不是“蓝色长统袜”）,人身攻击（不是“个人评论”）,多可惜！真遗憾！（不是“多可耻”）,是吗！（不是“你别说”）,sweet water confidence man criminal lawyer service station dressing room horse sense capital ideafamiliar talkhand in glove with,淡水（不是“糖水”或“甜水”）,骗子（不是“信得过的人”）,刑事律师（不是“犯罪的律师”）,加油站（不是“服务站”）,化妆室（不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”）,常识（不是“马的感觉”）,好主意（不是“资本主义思想”）,庸俗的交谈（不是“熟悉的谈话”）,和狼狈为奸（不是戴着手套和合作）,天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable.,Free translation is a kind of translation in which more attention is paid to producing a naturally reading TL than to preserving the SL wording intact, also known as sense-for-sense translation, which emphasizes the transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of the SL over the accurate reproduction of original wording.,2、 Free Translation,意译：指通过对原文深层意蕴的理解将原文的表层结构消化、转化为译文的表层结构。即打破原文的语言形式，用译文的习惯表达形式把原文的意蕴再现出来。但形式的转换或再创造必须服从于原文信息的传达。如果偏离了原文的内容与风格而随意发挥，捕风捉影地进行编撰或杜撰，那就成了胡译、乱译。由于两种语言表达形式上存在很大差异，译文在保持原文内容不变前提下，调整变通译文表达形式，即译文内容一致而形式不同谓之意译。 优点：语言通顺，地道自然。,二、意译法 free translation1）意译(归化法)指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。信息的传递为第一位。第一位忠于原文内容第二位通顺的译文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能符合译语读者的阅读习惯和审美心理。第三位忠于原文形式John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。,例证分析三口之家 nuclear family 三世同堂 the extended family with three generations under the same roof. 爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我和妈妈衣食无忧。 Dear dad, thank you for your affection on us, your hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head.bread-winner,2） Features of free translation A. be faithful to the original ideological content. B. to make the TL form as smooth as possible,3） 使用意译的五个条件：由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。奈达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式，1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding； 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation； 3）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously vague and gloomy； 4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously ambiguous； 5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style, communicative modes, etc.,4）主要有以下几种情况需要意译：1包含典故的文化习语：英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例如：(1)Two heads are better than one.(2)你不要班门弄斧了.Remain modest before an authority.Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door. 联想对应Dont teach a fish how to swim. Dont teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.,as timid as a hareat a stones throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster,胆小如鼠一箭之遥湿如落汤鸡蠢得像猪犟得像牛缘木求鱼守口如瓶,lead a dogs life过着牛马一样的生活cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉put back the clock 开倒车talk horse 吹牛 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵drink like a fish 牛饮Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。,Last night I heard him driving his pigs into market.昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。情人眼里出西施.Love is blind.Love makes the beloved lovely in the loves eye.,The Merchant of Venice：Gold/Silver/Lead cassette美丽的鲍西娅小姐准备了金、银、铅三只盒子，把自己的小肖像藏在铅盒里，前来求婚者如果猜中哪个盒子放有她的肖像，她便嫁给他。摩洛哥王子来了，猜了金盒；阿拉贡亲王来了，猜了银盒。二人都败兴而返。鲍西娅的意中人巴萨尼奥也前来求婚，鲍西娅生怕他猜不着，想给他一点暗示，便在旁边唱起歌来： Tell me where fancy is bred, Or in the heart or in the head?How begot, how nourished?Reply, reply,The Merchant of VeniceTell me where fancy is bred, Or in the heart or in the head?How begot, how nourished?Reply, reply.告诉我爱生在何方是在脑海，还是在心房？他怎样产生，又怎样生长？(朱生豪)尾韵bred head和铅匣子lead押韵,告诉我何处是爱情的源泉？ 是在脑海,还是在心田？,It is engendered in the eyes.爱情在秋波里生长（顾盼生辉）With gazing fed, and fancy dies通过顾盼得到生长 In the cradle where it lies.它躺在摇篮里死亡Let us all ring fancys knell让我们把爱的丧钟敲响,收红包 receive glove money.Receive a red envelope with some money inside as a Chinese New Year gift.穿新衣Put on your Sunday best说曹操，曹操就到。 Talk of the devil and he will appear. 老马识途。Sense comes with age. 一花独放不是春。 One swallow does not make a summer.,2英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语义有所差异，必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达. 例如： Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。风水轮着转。三十年河东，三十年河西。It is a long lane that has no turning.One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。人多互打乱，鸡多不下蛋。Everyones business is nobodys business.,beauty times brains equals a constant”的意思为：漂亮乘以智力等于一个常数。这话意味着，一个人越漂亮，智商就越低。汉语讲究对仗美者不慧，慧者不美The more in love a woman (man) is with a man (woman) , the more physically attractive she (he) finds him (her).,3根据上下文语境，对有些词汇、句式进行适当调整、转换。例如： chain stores 连锁商店非请莫入。Staff only.Everyman is the architect of his own fate.每个人都是自己命运的主宰者。天不生人上之人，也不生人下之人。A virtuous wife is a mans best prize.贤惠的妻子是对一个男人最大的奖赏。妻贤夫祸少。,(1)My master is dear to me, but still dearer is the truth.吾爱吾师,我更爱真理(2)生命诚可贵，爱情价更高，若为考研故，二者皆可抛。Love is dearer to me than life, but for the sake of the success in the postgraduate entrance examinations, both of them may be ignored.,(3)Then, in September, 1846, in a secret marriage ceremony, Elizabeth Barrett became Elizabeth Barrett Browning.1846年9月，他们举行了婚礼，仪式是秘密进行的，于是伊丽莎白巴雷特小姐变成了伊丽莎白巴雷特勃朗宁太太。(4)They seemed to be perfectly compatible, both intellectually and spiritually. 他们才情并茂，精神融洽。,I want a worker, not a clock watcher. Dont you understand?我要的是工人，不是看钟表的，你难道不明白吗？（直译）改译：我要的不是整天看时钟，想着下班的人。（意译）,Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。,Victory/success has a hundred fathers and defeat/failure is an orphan.胜利/成功有上百个父亲，失败却是个孤儿。胜利众人争功，失败无人引咎。,All roads lead to Rome. 直译：条条大道通罗马 意译：殊途同归To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs: 直译：教老祖母吃鸡蛋意译：班门弄斧班门弄斧：直译： show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.意译： To teach a fish to swim.,It was an old and ragged moon.直译：这是一轮既老又破的月亮。意译：这是一轮下弦残月。What is done is done, and cant be undone.直译：做了的事情不能取消。 意译：木已成舟，也只好如此了。 生米已煮成熟饭。,3. Combination of Literal and Free translation,Literal translation and free translation, however, are relative concepts. In other words, there is no absolute “literal”, nor entirely “free” version in the practice of translation, and overemphasizing either of them would result in ridiculous consequences.First try literally if it is possible, otherwise, resort to free translation. And yet in most cases we adopt both approaches at the same time, which shows that literal translation and free translation are not contradictory but complementary.,Well, I dont mind telling you my secret. Im part of a noble family. Ive just found out this afternoon, and Im in all the history books.A. 好吧， 不妨告诉你我的秘密。我是贵族家庭的一员，今天下午我才发现。我在所有的历史书里。,好吧，不妨告诉你我的秘密。我可出身名门，这一点今天下午我才发现。在所有的族谱里都有我的记载。好吧，不妨告诉你我的秘密。我可是贵族子弟，今天下午我才搞清楚。我的身世可是有据可查的。,He walked round in a circle, taking tiny, nervous steps. An expressionless smile, frozen on his face, revealed a cemetery of rotten teeth.他在那儿绕着圈走，脚步又小又紧张。毫无表情的微笑凝固在脸上，露出他那墓地一样的烂牙。 他脚步迟疑，一点一点往前挪动，绕着原地兜圈子。木然的笑容挂在脸上，露出满嘴乱坟般残缺的烂牙。,Newmark: The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. “直译不能不是意译，而意译也不能不是直译。”（朱光潜）“没有任何一个人能在整部作品中使用清一色的直译，也没有任何一个人能从头至尾用意译来完成一部译作。”其实主张直译者和主张意译者“在实践中也都不知不觉地将直译和意译两法综合使用”。（辜正坤）as literal as possible and only as free as necessary,Conclusion,The relationship between literal translation and free translation1) Both should be faithful to the original idea of the original work. 2) Literal translation and free translation are complementary to each other3)There are some limitations for both,直译 意译的关系 1,总的原则：互补而非对立 第一，“Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.”成功的直译可以“形神兼备”。1) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.A: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。B: 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。,补充译例 1,Just as dark clouds cant hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact.A: 正如乌云遮不住太阳，谎言同样掩盖不了事实。B: 事实是无法掩盖的。For them this was the morning of mornings of their lives, comparable only to the day when their baby had been born.A: 在他们看来，这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨，只有宝宝出世的那一天才能与之媲美。B: 他们认为这一天非常重要。,直译 意译的关系 2,第二，如果直译不能完全达意，则可以考虑汉语的行文习惯，作出一定的意译处理。1) I gave my youth to the sea; I came home and gave my wife my old age.A: 我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里便把老年给了我的妻子。B: 我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子时已经白发苍苍了。,补充译例 2,I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.译文1：我读过你的文章。我期望见到一位更老的人。译文2：我看过你的文章，没想到你这么年轻Why do you set a wolf to keep the sheep?译文1：你为什么要让狼来照看羊？ 译文2：你为什么要引狼入室？,直译 意译的关系 3,第三，如果直译法彻底行不通，则可以尝试放弃形式或者借用与之相对应的表达来进行处理。1) When Mary graduated from high school, she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.A: 玛莉高中毕业时，是戴着玫瑰色的眼镜看周围的世界的。B: 玛莉高中毕业时，她把一切事情看得太简单太容易了。,补充译例 3,Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。贵人多忘事。Great men are apt to have short memories.病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Agues come on horse back, but go away on foot.It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.家丑不可外扬。（ foul：make sth dirty）,Exercises,1. It is quite a story. 2. Lets wait till he is back.,这简直是一个故事。(X),我们还是少安毋躁吧。,等，直到他回来。,瞎掰。,不到黄河，不死心 。,说来话长。,等他回来再说。,Exercises,3. A writer achieves brevity in language by expressing his thoughts and feelings with such propriety and precision that it would not be possible to add or detract a single paragraph, line or word.,一个作家，以如此精准而恰到好处的措辞来表达思想感情，以至于（读者）无从添加或删减其中（任意）一段，一句，乃至一词，（终究）成就其语言的精辟。,Exercises,3. A writer achieves brevity in language by expressing his thoughts and feelings with such propriety and precision that it would not be possible to add or detract a single paragraph, line or word.,精练就是使用语言表达作者的思想感情到了恰到好处的地步。多一段则太多，少一段则太少；多一句不成，少一句也不成；多一个字不好，