英文标点,板上钉钉用英语怎么说.doc

登陆网站 参加免费试学英文标点，板上钉钉用英语怎么说在日常会话中恰到好处地使用习惯用语能让你的语言别有风味。我们今天要学的习惯用语都包括“nail”这个词。它作名词时的意思是“钉子”，作动词时意为“用钉子钉”。1. nail down从字面上看，nail down意思是“钉下去”或者“钉牢”。如果把什么东西往下钉在地板上的话，那它的位置就固定不变，成了定局，可以引申为“敲定”，例如：Inailed downa contract to sell a thousand cars. The customer signed all the papers and Ive already faxed them back to you.我敲定了一个出售一千辆汽车的合约。那位顾客签了所有的文件，我已经把文件用传真发回给你了。2. as hard as nailsAs hard as nails字面意思是“像钉子一样硬”。如果一个人像钉子一样硬的话，那人想必既顽固强硬又无情无义，是个相当难相处的人。例如：They offered me a good job at that company but I hear that the boss isas hard as nails: one little mistake and youre out on the street the next day looking for a new job。他们向我提供那家公司的一个很好的职位，但是我听说他们的老板是个很难相处的人：只要你犯一个小错，他马上把你一脚踢出公司大门，让你另谋生路。3. another nail in your coffin棺材在死者入殓后才用钉子钉上，所以棺材钉子是送人去地下长眠的。例如：You really ought to stop smoking. Every cigarette you light up isanother nail in your coffin.你一定得戒烟，你每点上一枝香烟，就等于往坟墓跨近了一步。这里的another nail in your coffin相当于中文的“催命符”，意思是有害健康、危及生命的东西。实际上人们给香烟起的绰号就是coffin nail。4. hit the nail on the head木工敲钉子得正敲在它扁平的顶上，才能钉得恰到好处。所以hit the nail on the head用来表示“说话行事恰到好处、正中要害或者十分中肯”。例如：Your analysis reallyhit the nail on the head.你的分析确实一针见血。Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.标准用法包括那些为使用这种语言的大多数人在任何场合下理解、使用和接受的词和短语，而不论该场合是否正式。 这些词和短语的意义已很确定并被列入了标准词典中。Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.相反，俗语是指那些几乎所有讲这种语言的人都理解并在非正式的口头或书面中使用，却不适用于更正规的一些场合的词和短语。Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.几乎所有的习惯用语都属于俗语，然而俚语指的是为很多讲这种语言的人理解但大多数人不把它们列入好的、正式用法之内的词和短语；俗语甚至俚语都可能在标准字典中查到，但是字典中会标明它们的性质。俗语和俚语词汇的应用都是口头较多、笔头较少。Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.俗语用法经常地被接受为标准用法。一些俚语也变成了标准用法，但另外一些俚语只经历了短暂的流行，而后就被弃之不用了。有时候，多数人从来不接受某些俚语，但是他们把这些俚语保存到集中记忆中。每一代人似乎都需要独有的一套词汇来描述熟知的物体和事件。It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.很多语言学家指出，大量俚语的形成需要三个文化条件：第一，对社会中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一个由大量子群构成的多样化人口；第三，各子群与多数人口之间的联系。Finally, it is worth noting that the terms standard colloquial and slang exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will,