语言学内容讲义Chapter Two Phonetics

ChapterChapter 2 2 SpeechSpeech SoundsSounds Teaching aims let the students have the general idea about phonetics Focal points classification of speech sounds description of consonants and vowels Teaching difficulties description of consonants and vowels Teaching procedure Outline of this chapter 1 Phonetics 1 1 sub branches scope of phonetics 1 2 Definition of Phonetics 2 Speech organs vocal organs 2 1 The pharyngeal cavity 2 2 The oral cavity 2 3 The nasal cavity 3 Classification of English speech sounds 3 1 the criteria of Classification p 29 3 2 Classification of English speech sounds 3 2 1 Consonants 24 3 2 2 Vowels 20 4 Description of English speech sounds 4 1 description of English consonants 4 1 1 criteria Three parameters to identify a consonant 4 1 2 Description 4 1 3 Identifying English consonants three term description 4 2 description of English vowels 4 2 1 Four criteria parameters of vowel description 4 2 2 description 4 2 3 Diphthongs 8 4 2 4 Identifying English vowels all the single vowels 5 Transcription 5 1 IPA International phonetic Alphabet 5 2 phonetic transcription 标音法 5 2 1 Broad transcription 5 2 2 Narrow transcription 1 1 PhoneticsPhonetics Language is a system of vocal symbols Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented and even today in some parts of the world there are still languages that have no writing systems Therefore the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics As we know there are two branches in linguistics which deal with speech sounds They are phonetics the study of sounds and phonology the study sound patterns In this chapter we will discuss these two branches 1 1 Definition of phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced transmitted and perceived and their classification description and transcription 1 2 sub branches scope of phonetics 1 Articulatory phonetics the study of the production of speech sounds 2 Acoustic phonetics the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech 3 Auditory phonetics the study of the perception of speech sounds 2 Speech organs vocal organs They refer to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech The three cavities of the vocal tract the pharynx pharyngeal cavity the mouth oral cavity and the nose nasal cavity The air stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities resulting in the production of various sounds 2 1 The pharyngeal cavity Larynx at the top of the trachea the front of which is the Adam s apple 喉结 This is the first place where sound modification might occur 2 2 The oral cavity The oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification Tongue the most flexible Uvula the teeth and the lips Hard palate soft palate velum Alveolar ridge the rough bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth Various obstructions created within the oral cavity lead to the production of various sounder p b s z k g 2 3 The nasal cavity The nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity at the back of the mouth The soft part of the roof of the mouth the velum soft palate can be draw back to close the passage so that the air can only go through the mouth and produce vowels and most consonants The passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose and produce nasal consonants m n g 3 3 ClassificationClassification ofof EnglishEnglish speechspeech soundssounds 3 1 the criteria of Classification p 29 The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat the nose or the mouth while the letter is obstructed in one way or another Consonants are produced by constructing or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity The speech sounds will divide into two categories vowels and consonants 3 2 Classification of English speech sounds 3 2 1 Consonants 24 sounds produced by constricting and obstructing the vocal tract at some place 3 2 2Vowels 20 sounds produced with no obstruction a vowels monophthong vowels where the quality remains constant throughout the articulation b vowels diphthongs vowels where there is an audible change of quality c Semi vowels semi consonants the sounds produced with little obstruction also called glides or transition sounds e g yet wet hot 4 4 DescriptionDescription ofof EnglishEnglish speechspeech soundssounds 4 1 description of English consonants 4 1 1 criteria Three parameters to identify a consonant 1 in terms of voicing state of vocal cords voiced VS voiceless others 2 in terms of manner of articulation manners of articulation ways in which articulation can be accomplished 3 in terms of place of articulation place of articulation place in the mouth where obstruction occurs 4 1 2 Description 1 in terms of voicing state of vocal cords voiced VS voiceless Voiced b d g v z d Voiceless p t k f s t Others r l m n w j h 2 in terms of manner of articulation 1 Stops 6 爆破音 p b t d k g a the closing phase complete closure of the two articulators b the holding or compressing phase c the releasing plosive phase 2 Nasals 3 鼻音 m n with the oral cavity blocked at the lips alveolar ridge and the velum respectively 3 Fricatives 9 擦音 f v s z h A fricative is produced when there is close approximation of two articulators so that the airstreams is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced 4 Approximants 3 w r j an articulation in which one articulator is close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstreams is produced 5 Lateral 1 l obstruction of the airstreams is released at the side of the tongue 6 Affricates 2 t d3 in the production of which a stop is followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same time of articulation 3 in terms of place of articulation 1 Bilabial 双唇音 p b m w 2 labiodentals 唇齿音 f v 3 dental 齿音 4 alveolar 齿龈音 t d s z n r l 5 palatal 腭音 t d j 6 velar 软腭音 k g 7 glottal 喉音 h Details see Table 2 1 A chart of English consonants Hu 2007 35 4 1 3 Identifying English consonants three term description voiceless bilabial stop voiced bilabial stop voiceless velar stop voiced velar stop glottal fricative alveolar lateral 4 2 Description of English vowels Vowels are produced without obstruction so no turbulence or total stoppings of the air can be perceived the quality of vowels depend on position of tongue and the shape of lips 4 2 1 Four criteria parameters of vowel description 1 the height of tongue raising high middle low 2 the position of highest part of the tongue front central back 3 the length or tenseness of the vowel tense vs lax or long vs short 4 lip rounding the shape of the lips roundedvs unrounded 4 2 2 description 1 according to the height of tongue raising high middle low high vowels i u i u mid vowels e 传统的读法 low vowels a 2 according to the position of highest part of the tongue front vowels i i e central vowels back vowels u u o o a 3 according to the length of the sound short vowels Lax or short vowels those without colon i e u long vowels Tense vowels those marked with a colon 冒号 i u a including the diphthongs ei ai au i i 4 according to the shape of lips Unrounded i i e a Rounded u u 4 2 3 Diphthongs 8 diphthongs including ei ai au i i 4 2 4 Identifying English vowels all the single vowels central lax unrounded vowel central tense unrounded vowel high back lax rounded vowel back mid lax rounded vowel mid back lax unrounded vowel low back lax rounded vowel 5 Transcription 5 1 IPA International phonetic Alphabet IPA the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the time It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in 1886 The first version of IPA was published in August 1888 The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected i