化学专业英语翻译4.doc

04.GROUPS IIIBVIIIB ELEMENTSGroup I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2 the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements.B组包括元素钪，钇，镧，和actinium1，和2稀土系列十四each2镧系和锕系元素的系列。这些元素的主要来源是重力高与海滩砂建立起来的water-sorting过程在漫长的地质年代。独居石砂，其中包含一个混合稀土磷酸盐，和一个钇硅酸盐在沉沙现在商业来源的一些这些稀有元素。 Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive sections will contain specific ions in the order of release by the resin. For example .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is the last to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first sections removed. If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective separations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide series (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market. 分离的组成部分是一个困难的化工操作。溶解度的化合物是几乎一模一样，分离结晶是艰苦和耗时的。近年来，离子交换树脂在高列已证明有效。当某些氨基酸可以缓缓流下一列含有树脂的离子组第三金属离子吸附，先后从resin3。由此产生的解决方案是删除从塔底、塔带或部分。连续的部分将包含特定的离子释放的顺序由树脂。例如。镧离子（La 3 +）是最紧密举行的树脂，是最后被提取，镥离子（lu3+）是不那么严格，出现在第一部分被删除。如果溶液再生和酸浓度小心控制，可以实现非常有效的分离。大量的所有镧系元素（除钷，下午，它不存在的性质作为一个稳定的同位素）生产的化工市场。 The predominant group oxidation number of the lanthanide series is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium forms cerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce2 (SO4 )3 and Ce(SO4 )2, which are employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagnetic, presumably as a result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.主要的氧化数为+ 3的稀土系列，但一些元素表现出不同的氧化态。铈铈（）形式和铈（）硫酸盐（SO 4）3，铈和铈（SO 4）2，其中从事某些氧化还原滴定法。许多稀土化合物，是顺磁性的，大概是由于未配对电子的轨道。 All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Those with higher atomic numbers have been obtained only in trace amounts. Actinium (89 Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular Group IIIB element.锕系元素的所有不稳定原子核和放射性。那些具有较高的原子数目已获得只有微量的。锕（89），如镧，经常是一组III B部元件。 Group IVB ElementsB族元素 In chemical properties these elements resemble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. The predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2), the oxides of these elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral names of the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia.这些元素在化学性质类似，但他们成为越来越多的金属钛铪。主要的氧化态为+ 4，与二氧化硅（SiO 2）的氧化物，这些要素自然发生少量。公式和矿物的氧化物TiO 2，金红石；氧化锆；氧化铪，锆，铪。 Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It comprises about 0.44% of the earths crust. It is over 5.0% in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.钛是更丰富的比通常的实现。它由大约0.44%的地球的地壳。这是超过5%的平均组成，首先分析月球岩石。锆和钛的氧化物发生在小的百分比在海滩砂。 Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.钛、锆金属准备通过加热的氯化物与金属镁。双方尤其是耐腐蚀和具有熔点高。 Pure TiO2 is a very white substance which is taking the place of white lead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO2 is used in white paints, varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials. TiO2 also is used in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries.纯TiO 2是一种白色物质，代替铅白在许多涂料。四分之三的TiO 2是用白漆，清漆，喷漆。它具有最高的折射率（2.76）和最大的遮盖力的所有常见的白色油漆材料。二氧化钛也用于纸张，橡胶，油毡，皮革，纺织工业。Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum群中元素钒，铌，钽： These are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence is comparatively rare.这些都是过渡族元素中，一个主要的氧化数为+ 5。他们的出现是比较罕见的。These metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. For this reason vanadium alloy steels are used in the manufacture of high-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limited use as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantalum has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.这些金属直接与氧，氯，和氮氧化物，氯化物，氮化物和，分别为。一小部分钒合金钢具有高抗拉强度的产品，是非常艰难的，耐冲击和振动。为此，钒合金钢用于制造高速工具和重型机械。钒氧化物作为催化剂使用的接触过程中制造硫酸。铌是一种非常罕见的元素，以有限的使用作为合金元素在不锈钢。钽具有很高的熔点（2850），耐腐蚀大多数的酸和碱。 Groups VIB and VIIB ElementsB和七B元素 Chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are Group VIB elements. Manganese is the only chemically important element of Group VIIB. All these elements exhibit several oxidation states, acting as metallic elements in lower oxidation states and as nonmetallic elements in higher oxidation states. Both chromium and manganese are widely used in alloys, particularly in alloy steels.铬，钼，钨是B族元素。锰是唯一重要的化学元素，七B组。所有这些因素表现出几种氧化态，作为金属元素在低氧化态和非金属元素的高氧化态。铬和锰广泛用于合金，特别是在合金钢。Group VIIIB Metals制备金属Group VIIIB contains the three triads of elements. These triads appear at the middle of long periods of elements in the periodic table, and are members of the transition series. The elements of any given horizontal triad have many similar properties, but there are marked differences between the properties of the triads, particularly between the first triad and the other two. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more active than members of the other two triads, and are also much more abundant in the earths crust. Metals of the second and third triads, with many common properties, are usually grouped together and called the platinum metals.制备包含三个黑社会的要素。这些黑社会出现在中长周期元素在周期表中，和成员的过渡系列。元素的任何给定的水平黑社会有许多相似的性质，但有显着差异的性质之间的黑社会，特别是与第一黑社会及其他。铁，钴，镍是更积极比其他成员的两只黑社会，和也更丰富的在地球的地壳。金属和第三个黑社会，有许多共同的特性，常常聚集在一起并称为铂金属。These elements all exhibit variable oxidation states and form numerous coordination compounds.这些因素都表现出不同的氧化态，形成多种配位化合物。Corrosion腐蚀;侵入Iron exposed to the action of moist air rusts rapidly, with the formation of a loose, crumbly deposit of the oxide. The oxide does not adhere to the surface of the metal, as does aluminum oxide and certain other metal oxides, but peels off .exposing a fresh surface of iron to the action of the air. As a result, a piece of iron will rust away completely in a relatively short time unless steps are taken to prevent the corrosion. The chemical steps in rusting are rather obscure, but it has been established that the rust is a hydrated oxide of iron, formed by the action of both oxygen and moisture, and is markedly speeded up by the presence of minute amounts of carbon dioxide5.铁的行动暴露于潮湿空气迅速生锈，以形成一个松散的，易碎的矿床的氧化。氧化不坚持金属表面，如铝氧化物和其他金属氧化物，但剥落。新鲜铁表面暴露于行动的空气。因此，一块铁会生锈完全在较短的时间，除非采取措施防止腐蚀。化