定语从句精讲

一 定义 在复合句中 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句 定语从 句所修饰的名或代词叫作先行词 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的 后面 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词 The students who don t study hard will not pass the exam 先行词 定语从句 关系词的作用 代替先行词 充当成分 起连接作用 关系词 关系代词 that which as who whom whose 关系副词 where why when 二 用法 1 关系代词的用法 1 that 指人或物 在从句中作主语或宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly 主语 The girl that we saw yesterday is Jim s sister 宾语 2 Which 指物 在从句中作主语或宾语 They planted the trees which didn t need much water 主语 The fish which we bought were not fresh 宾语 3 who whom 指人 who 在从句中作主语 宾语 whom 作宾语 The boy who broke the window is called Michael 主语 The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li 宾语 4 whose 指人或物 在从句中作定语 This is the book whose cover is blue I would like a room whose window looks out over the sea 5 as 既可以引导限制性定语从句 也可以引导非限制性定语从 句 as 在从句中作主语 宾语或表语 1 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式 Such 名词 as 像 一样的 the same 名词 as 和 同样的 其中关系代词 as 在从句中担当主语 宾语或表语 Eg We have found such materials as are used in their factory 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料 as 作主语 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售 as 作宾语 He is not the same man as he was 他和过去不同了 as 作表语 2 引导非限制性定语从句 as 指整个句子内容 Eg As everybody knows Shakespeare is a famous writer 2 关系副词的用法 在定语从句中 当先行词是表示时间 地点或原因的名词时 就要分别用关系副词 when where why 来引导 在从句中作状语 关系副词 when where why 的含义相当于 介词 which 结构 即 when on in during which where on in in front of which why for which Eg I remembered the day when on which I first came to the school Beijing is the place where in which I was born Is this the reason why for which he refused to help you 注意 关系代词 VS 关系副词 选择关系代词 还是关系副词首先要判断先行词在定语从句中充当的成分 若先行词在 从句中做主语 宾语或定语 whose 则选择关系代词 若在从句中做状语 则选择关系副 词 Eg I ll never forget the days when I worked with you in the city I ll never forget the days that I spent with you in the city 3 介词 关系代词 结构 有时从句中的介词会移到关系代词之前 此时关系代词用 which whom whose 1 介词 关系代词 型 This is the company in which I used to work I would like you to explain the reason for which you were absent Last month part of the province was struck by floods from whose effects the people are still suffering 2 代词 数词 形容词最高级 介词 关系代词 结构 Here are the questions some of which of which some I thought too difficult for you Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore three of which were English novels China has thousands of islands the largest of which is Taiwan 3 关系代词前介词的确定 根据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定 Eg I bought a great many books on which I spent all my money that I saved 依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定 Eg I ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country 根据句子所表达的意思来确定 Eg The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen 4 关系代词只用 that 不用 which 的情况 1 当先行词是 all everything something nothing anything much little few 等不定代词时 Eg There was little that I could do for you 我不能为你做什么 That is all that I want to say 那就是我想要说的 2 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 Eg This is the first book that I have read This is the most important book that I have read 3 当先行词被 the very the only the same the last 等修饰时 Eg This is the very book that belongs to him Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows 4 当先行词既有人又有物 定语从句的关系代词要用 that Eg Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about 5 先行词被 every some no all any little much few 等修饰时 Eg I ve read all the books that you lend me 6 当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时 Eg Which is the bike that you lost Who is the boy that won the gold medal 5 只能用 which 不用 that 的情况 1 引导非限制性定语从句时 逗号后面 Eg Jim passed the driving test which surprised everybody in the office 2 介词后面 定语从句中作介词的宾语 Eg This is the house in which he once lived 6 只用 who 的情况 1 先行词是 one ones 时 Eg One who breaks the law will be punished 2 先行词是 anyone those 指人 时 Eg Those who break the law will be punished 3 先行词后有很长的状语时 Eg I met a girl in the park yesterday who came from the USA 4 There be 句型中指人用 who Eg There is a girl who wants to see you outside 7 Whose 用法及转换形式 1 whose 引导定语从句 其后应紧跟名词 构成名词短语 Eg That s the child whose father is a teacher 2 whose 引导定语从句 其先行词不仅可以指人 还可以指物 Eg Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor This is a book whose cover is green 3 whose 的先行词指物时 可用 of which 代替 但词序不同 即 whose 名词 the n of which of which the n Eg He lives in the room whose window faces south He lives in the room the window of which faces south He lives in the room of which the window faces south 4 whose 的先行词指人时 可用 of whom 代替 即 whose 名词 the n of whom of whom the n Eg I will talk to those students whose homework hasn t been done I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn t been done I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn t been done 8 as 与 which 引导的定语从句 1 which 与 as 都可以代替整个句子内容做主语 宾语 which 不能放句首 2 当与 such 或 the same 连用时 一般用 as Eg Such books as you tell me are interesting I have the same plan as you have 3 as 引导的从句可以放在句首 as 本身有 正如 正象 之 意 与之连用的词有 know see expect announce point out 等 Eg As we all know is known to us the earth is round 9 定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致 1 先行词是 one of n 复数 从句的谓语用复数 Eg He is one of students who are good at English 2 先行词是 the only one of n 复数 从句谓语用单数 Eg He is the one of students who is good at English in our class 1