地理信息系统专业英语.doc

1. Where does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY +GEOINFORMATICS =GEOMATICS or GEO for earth and MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and MATICS for informatics. It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people . The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by-adding a number of computer science- and/ or GIS-oriented courses. 地质这个词在哪里地质从何而来?大地测量+教育或地理=地球,地球和-双语对照查看 数学或地理-双语对照查看 地质灾害与信息学。有人说地球对于许多人来说意味许多东西。地球这个词作为学术纪律第一次出现在加拿大; 在过去几年中，现已引进大量的在全球高等教育学院,大多数是被重命名以前被称为“大地测量”或“测量”, 双语对照查看，许多计算机科学,和/或GIS-导向课程。2. Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system (GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies. 数据采集技术包括野外调查、全球定位系统(GPS)、卫星定位、遥感图像得到,通过空中摄影和卫星图像。它也包括获取数据库中备案材料从旧地图扫描和计划,有关机关所收集的数据。3. Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design , digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems(GIS). Data plotting (presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens (where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices. 数据管理和处理过程中通过使用计算机程序在工程设计中,数字摄影测量、图像分析、关系型数据库管理和地理信息系统(GIS)。数据绘图(表现)处理通过使用映射和其他数值电脑程序;报告的计算机屏幕上显示(在交互编辑可以发生,输出在纸上从数字绘图设备4. Photogrammetry can be defined as the art , science , and technology obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images (American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1987). Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners. The most important feature of photogrammery is that the objects are measured without being touched. 摄影测量可以被定义为艺术,科学和技术获得可靠信息,实物和环境记录、核算和解释摄影图像(美国社会摄影测量与遥感、1987)。摄影测量技术的二维或三维测量物体(从照片,但它也可意象电子化储存在磁带或磁盘上被视频或CCD摄像机或辐射传感器如扫描器。最重要的特征是对象进行测量没有被感动了。5. Terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry ,which generally refers to camera-to-object distance less than 100 meters, is to obtain stereo photopairs of an area to be mapped by photographing with a camera located on the ground an then engage in measurement or contour delineation with a stereoplotting instrument .Many uses for terrestrial or close-range photogrammetry include digital modeling for architectural restoration , medical imaging for forensic sciences and reconstructive surgery ,data collection for structural stability studies of bridges and hydroelectric dams, and the documentation of traffic accidents and crime scenes by police departments. 陆地摄影测量或数字化摄影,一般指摄影机对象距离不到100米,是为了获得立体照片对地段被映射的用相机照相位于地然后进行测量或轮廓描述立体制图仪器有许多用途,包括数位数字化摄影陆生或建筑模型恢复、医学影像为法医学,数据收集美容与整形结构稳定性研究桥梁水力发电站,和文档交通事故、犯罪现场的公安部门。6. For the purposes of understanding the concepts of remote sensing, the following definition should be given first:CCRS, 2003”Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent ,art) of acquiring information about the Earths surface without actually being in contact with it. .This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.” 为目的的概念理解遥感,以下的定义应先给:CCRS,2003遥感是一门科学,某种程度上,艺术)获得的信息在没有真的地球表面接触它。这是由传感和记录反映或发出能量和处理、分析,并应用的信息。”7. In much of remote sensing, the process involves an interaction between incident radiation and the targets of in-terest. This is exemplified by the use of imaging systems where the following seven elements are involved. Note, however that remote sensing also involves the sensing of emitted energy and use of non-imaging sensors. 在大部分遥感、这一过程包括相互作用的入射辐射和目标的多种兴趣。这是充分体现了在成像系统的使用下列七个因素有关。注意,然而那遥感还包括传感辐射的能量和使用多样非图像传感器。8. Basically, remote-sensing systems can be classified into two types: passive and active. Passive remote sensing systems sample emitted and reflected radiation from target when the energy source is independent of the recording instrument .Good example are the camera and thermal infrared detectors. Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the naturally occurring energy is available . For all reflected energy, this can only take place during the time when sun is illuminating the Earth . There is no reflected energy available from the sun at night . Energy that is naturally emitted (such an thermal infrared) can be detected day or night , as long as the amount of energy is large enough to be recorded. 基本上,遥感系统分为两种类型:主动和被动。被动式遥测系统发出的辐射样品,反映了能源的目标,是独立的记录仪器的例子是强的照相机和热红外探测器。被动传感器只能被用来检测能源当自然产生的能量是可用的。为都反映出的能量,这只能发生在太阳照亮大地。没有反映能量可以从太阳在晚上。自然能量发出这样的热红外)(白天或晚上能被探测到,只要多的能量仍有足够的力量被记录下来。9. Certain tools are central to the processing of digital images . These include mathematical tools such as convolution , Fourier analysis, and statistical descriptions, and manipulative tools such as chain codes and run codes .Some operations are fundamental to digital image processing. These operation can be divided into four categories: operations based on the image histogram, on simple mathematics, on convolution, and on mathematical morphology. Further, these operations can also be described in terms of their implementation as a point operation, a local operation, a local operation, or a global operation. 某些工具的处理中心的数字图像。这些包括数学工具,如卷积、傅里叶分析,和统计描述,和控制工具,如链码和运行代码操作一些数字图像处理技术的基础。这些操作可分为四种类型:行动基于图像直方图,简单的数学,数学形态学和卷积计算。此外,这些操作也可以被描述从其实施点操作,当地的操作,当地的操作,或者的全球业务。10. This radiation as measured and recorded