专业英语课后部分习题参考答案.doc

二章1.From vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits, engineers have madeElectronics smaller ,more powerful, and more efficient.从真空管到晶体管，再到集成电路，工程师们使电子系统也来也小，而且更强大，效率更高2.An early high-speed commercial computer weighed 3 tons ,consumed 50 kilowatts of power ,and cost 早期的高速商业计算机重达三顿，耗电50kwh，花费20万美元3 the first commercial computer ,ENIAC, incorporated 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 30 tons ,filled several large rooms ,and consumed enough power to light 10 homes.第一台商用计算机ENIAC，使用了18000只真空管，重达30吨，占地好几间大房子，耗电量足以十个家庭的照明4 the ancestor of these miniature electronic devices is the vacuum tube .sealed inside a glass tube ,a stream of electrons carried a curried a current through a vacuum between electrodes这些袖珍电子产品的鼻祖是真空管，在一个封装的玻璃瓶内，一股载流电子传过电极之间的真空。5 the real breakthrough in production was the use of oxide on silicon wafers , which allowed selective doping by diffusion of impurities though openings in the oxide.在生产中真正的突破是利用硅片上的氧化层，将杂质有选择性通过氧化层开的空扩散到硅片中去三章1、In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data.除了微处理器外，个人计算机有用于输入数据的键盘、用于显示信息的显示器和用于存储数据的存储设备。2、Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.超型计算机：一种非常快的计算机，每秒能完成数亿条指令。3、A small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. In price, personal computers range anywhere from a few hundred dollars to over five thousand dollars. 一种为单个用户设计的小而相对便宜的计算机。在价格上，个人计算机在几百美元到五千多美元之间。4、However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them together to form a network.然而，虽然个人计算机被设计成单用户系统，把他们连接起来形成局域网也是普遍的。5、High-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphicscapability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DEC.Macintosh 和PC的高端产品已具有与Sun Microsystems，Hewlett-Packard和DEC的低端工作站一样的计算能力和图形显示能力。6、In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor(in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers.在从底层简单微处理器（如用于手表中的）开始移到顶部超型机的层次结构中，大型机仅仅在超型机下面。四章1 Linux is used as a mainstay server operating system by many web sites and ISPs. Linux 被许多Web 站点和互联网服务提供商用作主流服务器操作系统。2 Linux was originally written for Intels 386 architecture , but now runs on a wide variety of hardware , including the full x86 family of processors , as well as Alpha ,SPARC , and PowerPC chips . Linux 原来是为Intel 386 结构体系而写的，但现在运行在许多硬件上，包括完全的x86 系列处理器和Alpha ,SPARC 和PowerPC芯片上。3 Through the use of clustering technology , Linux can scale up to handle the super computing loads required by many scientific/engineering applications , and required in high availability environments . 通过使用聚类技术，Linux能扩展去处理那些许多科学，工程的应用需要的和在高度可用的环境中所需要的超级计算负载。4 While other server class operating systems use protected memory , protected memory does no good if faulty applications are allowed to invade kernel space with their processes . 当其他服务器级操作系统利用被保护的内存时，假若不完善的应用允许用其过程侵犯核心空间，受保护的内存就无济于事。5 The full power of this collaborative method can only be realized when the source code to software is freely shared among developers . 这种协作方法的全部威力只能在软件源代码在开发者中间免费分享时才实现。6 Open source accelerates the development process . It breaks down the barriers between developers and users , and removes obstacles in developer-to-developer communication . 开放资源加快了开发过程。它破除了开发者和使用者之间的障碍，排出了在开发者之间的通信障碍。五章1 Reconfiguration of an analog system usually implies a redesign of the hardware followed by testing and verification to see that it operates properly.改变外形对于一个模拟系统来说常常意味着硬件的重新设计，之后的测试和验定这个模拟系统是否能正常操作。2 Accuracy considerations also play an important role in determining the form of the signal processor.在决定信号处理器的结构上，细致的考虑也扮演一个重要因素，3 Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media (tape or disk) without deterioration or loss of signal fidelity beyond that introduced in the A/D conversion.数字信号可以容易的把未退化或未失真的信号存储在磁化媒介（磁带 磁盘）上4 It is usually very difficult to perform precise mathematical operations on signals in analog form but these same operations can be routinely implemented on a digital computer using software.通常，对信号用模拟的方法很难执行精确的数学运算，但是同样的操作可以通过数字计算机的软件正常执行5 The lower cost may be due to the fact that the digital hardware is cheaper , or perhaps it is a result of the flexibility for modifications provided by the digital implementation.数字信号处理器相对更低的成本或许是数字软件更便宜的事实，或者是数字处理器提供可修正使其具有适应性的原因。六章1 Key figures in the late 1800s included Nikola Tesla, who developed the Tesla coil, and James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz, who proved mathematically the possibility of transmitting electromagnetic signals between widely separated points. It was Guglielmo Marconi who was most responsible for taking the theories of radio waves out of the laboratory and applying them to practical devices.在十九世纪初的关键人物特斯拉线圈的NIKOLA.Tesla， James Clerk Maxwell和Heinrich Hertz证明了相隔两点很远的地方传输电磁波在数学上是可能的。Guglielmo Marconi是一个关键代表人物，他把无线电波带出实验室并将其应用于实际设备上2 In the mid-1920s, technical developments expanded transmission distances, radio stations were built across the country, and the performance and appearance of the radio were improved.在20世纪到20世纪中叶，技术上的发展扩大了传输距离，国与国之间建立了广播站，并且无线电设备的性能和外国都得到了改善。3 Technical innovations that made this possible included a screen coated with millions of tiny dots of fluorescent compounds that emit light when struck by high-speed electrons. 在屏幕上涂上数以万计的荧光混合物，通过高速电子撞击屏幕发光，这在技术创新使得成为可能。4 The advent of cable television and advances in fiber-optic technology will also help lift the present bandwidth restrictions and increase image quality.有线电视的出现和光纤技术的发展同样可以帮助解除目前的带宽限制并进一步提高图像质量5 Cathode ray tubes with power-hungry electron guns are giving way to liquid crystal display (LCD) panels.高耗电的电子枪的阳极摄像管被也液晶显示屏取代。七章1When you examine high-quality audio , they move even further apart .当你检验高保真音频时，他们表现出更大的差异。2However , application developers must keep their feet on the ground and concentrate their efforts on the delivering real utility .然而，程序开发人员必须脚踏实地，集中力量开发实用程序。3Multimedia capabilities will be sprinkled through almost all layers of software .多媒体性能将涵盖几乎各种软件。4As an example , consider how utility is moving the personal computer industry from the traditional character-based user interfaces to the now-popular graphical user interface .作为例子，想想实用程序是如何让个人计算机产业从传统的基于字符的用户界面转移到时下流行的图形用户界面的。5As for programmers tools and operating systems , multimedia-assisted tools will prove to be as helpful to program developers as interfaces to end user . 作为编程人员的工具和操作系统，多媒体辅助工具将证明像界面对终端用户那样对程序开发人员有帮助。多媒体：multimedia紧凑盘：CD/compactdisk视屏/频：video动画：animation音频：audio只读光盘：CD-ROM/compactdiskreadonlymemory超媒体：hypermedia外设：peripherals光驱：opticaldiskdrives图形用户界面：GUI/graphuserinterface导航数据：navigationaldata关键人物：keyfigures特斯拉线圈：teslacoil莫尔斯电码：morsecode无线电波：airwives电报爱好者：telegraphbuffs电脑爱好者：computerfanonline音乐发烧友：crazymusic逐行扫描：line-by-linesweeps液晶显示器：liquidcrystaldisplaypanels纯平显示器：flatscreens高清晰度电视：highdefinitiontelevision/HDTV浮点运算：floatingpointarithmetic定点运算：fixed-point数模转换器：D/Aconvertertoanalogconverter数字信号处理器：DSPsignalprocessor系统设计者：systemdesigners石油勘探：oilexploration核爆炸侦测：detectionofnuclearexplosions带宽：widebandwidth快速采样：fast-sampling-rate互联网服务提供商：ISP/internetserviceprovider数据库服务器：databaseserver聚类技术：clusteringtechnology无缝连接：seamlessconnection源代码：sourcecode系统瘫痪：bringdownthesystem开放资源：opensource软件开发模式：themodelofsoftwaredevelopment邮件传输代理：mailtransferagents服务器级操作系统：server-classOS/operatingsystem执行指令：executeinstruction中央处理单元：center/CPUprocessingunit总线：bus字处理：wordprocessing桌面印刷：desktoppublishing无盘工作站：disklessworkstationIBM克隆计算机：IBMsclonecomputer(internationalbusinessmachinescorporation)高/低端产品：high/low-endproduces64M显存：64MofvideoRAM/randomaccessmemory多进程处理系统：mult-userprocessingsystem无线通讯：wirelesscommunications卫星广播：satellitebroadcasts微波炉：microwaveovens阴极射线管：cathoderaytubes（电子）真空管：vacuumtube/valve预热：preheating/warm-up选择扩散：selectivediffusion数字处理：digitalprocessing/dataprocessing科学计算：scientificcalculations信用卡：creditcards银行户头：bankaccounts多媒体：multimedia紧凑盘：CD/compactdisk视屏/频：video动画：animation音频：audio只读光盘：CD-ROM/compactdiskreadonlymemory超媒体：hypermedia外设：peripherals光驱：opticaldiskdrives图形用户界面：GUI/graphuserinterface导航数据：navigationaldata关键人物：keyfigures特斯拉线圈：teslacoil莫尔斯电码：morsecode无线电波：airwives电报爱好者：telegraphbuffs电脑爱好者：computerfanonline音乐发烧友：crazymusic逐行扫描：line-by-linesweeps液晶显示器：liquidcrystaldisplaypanels纯平显示器：flatscreens高清晰度电视：highdefinitiontelevision/HDTV浮点运算：floatingpointarithmetic定点运算：fixed-point数模转换器：D/Aconverteritaltoanalogconve