大三下高级英语半期考试四篇课文答案汇总.doc

The Tale of Albert Einsteins “Greatest Blunder”By Neil deGrasse Tyson&Consolidation WorkI. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions provided, making some change when necessary.1. transient 2. repulsive 3. embarrassed 4. seethe with 5. asserted 6. blunders 7. tantamount to 8. work out 9. elbow their way 10. permeated 11. Embedded 12. convincing 13. part and parcel 14. in effect 15. scrutinyII. Use the appropriate form of the words given in the brackets to fill in the blanks.1. elliptical 2. provocation 3. noticeably 4. predictive; predict 5. Cosmology; cosmologists 6. specialization 7. distorted 8. eternal 9. reconciliation 10. unassailableIII. Paraphrase the following sentences taken from the text.1. It is Albert Einsteins theory that has caused these ideas to appear in 20th-century physics, and these ideas are equally difficult to understand.2. Every few years, scientists who test phenomena with lab equipment make experiments that are more and more accurate to test Albert Einsteins theory of General Relativity, but they only turn out to go beyond the limits of its accuracy (turn out to increase its accuracy).3. Most scientific models are only inadequate ones that are not well planned or considered, and the factors or limits that these models establish can be slightly changed/altered to make these models match the universe that has been known to man.4. From time to time in the past years, theorists would pick up again and reexamine lambda which was more commonly known as the “cosmological constant” and had been rejected as one of the theories that were not believed to be true.5. When physicists reused lambda and put it back in Einsteins original equations for general relativity, the actual universe that people knew agreed with the model universe that Einsteins equations described (what the universe actually was agreed with what Einsteins equations described it to be).6. “Dark Energy” beat the other names and was adopted as the right term and this term itself very well expresses our ignorance of what that energy is or what produces this energy.7. Dark energy isnt something that has got no theory to support it.IV. Test your general knowledge.1For his work in theoretical physics, notably on the _, Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. A. general relativity B. special relativity C. photoelectric effect D. cosmological constant2. In 1916 he completed his mathematical formulation of a general theory of relativity that included _ as a determiner of the curvature of a space-time continuum. A. gravitation B. anti-gravitation C. dark energy D. cosmological constant 3. Which of the following statements about Albert Einstein is true? _ A. After Hitlers rise to power, Einstein left Germany and worked from 1934 in USA. On October 1, 1940, Einstein became an American citizen. He remained both an American and a Swiss citizen until his death on April 18, 1955. B. In 1939, Einstein sent a letter to President Truman urging the study of nuclear fission for military purposes, under fears that the Nazi government would be first to develop nuclear weapons. C. In addition to the theory of relativity, Einstein is also known for his contributions to the development of the atomic bomb. D. Einstein spent the later part of his life attempting to establish a merger between unified field theory and his general theory of relativity.4. Which of the following statements is not the idea belonging to the big-bang theory? _A. At the beginning of time, all of the matter and energy in the universe was concentrated in a very dense state, from which it exploded, with the resulting expansion continuing until the present.B. The big bang is dated between 10 and 20 billion years ago. C. In the initial state, the universe was very hot and contained a thermal soup of quarks, electrons, photons, and other elementary particles.D. The universe has always expanded, with no beginning or end, at a uniform rate and it always will expand and maintain a constant density. 5. Newtons apple is a popular story claiming that Newton was inspired to formulate his _ by the fall of an apple from a tree. A. laws of motion B. theory of universal gravitation C. conservation of momentum D. development of calculus 6. The solar system comprises the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: currently there are officially _ and their 165 known moons, as well as asteroids, meteoroids, planetoids, comets, and interplanetary dust. A. nine starsB. eight starsC. nine planetsD. eight planets7. Which theory concluded that the expansion of the universe is approximately uniform and the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation? _ A. The Big-Bang theoryB. The Big-Rip theoryC. The Steady-State theoryD. Hubbles Law8. At the end of the 20th century, the study of very distant supernovas led to the belief that the cosmic expansion was accelerating. To explain this cosmologists postulated a repulsive force, _, which counteracts gravity and pushes galaxies apart.A. black hole B. dark energy C. universal constant D. cosmic force9. Stephen Hawking showed that if the general theory of relativity was correct the universe must have a _, or starting point, in space-time.A. singularityB. black holeC. dark matterD. boundary10. Which of the following statements is NOT true? _A. According to Einsteins special theory of relativity, which is a geometric interpretation of gravitation, matter produces gravitational effects by actually distorting the space about it.B. In 1687, Newton used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the force that would become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal gravitation. C. Edwin Hubble, American astronomer, was the first to offer observational evidence to support the theory of the expanding universe. D. In 1971 Hawking, British theoretical physicist, provided mathematical support for the big-bang theory of the origin of the universe.11. The galaxy we live in is called the Milky Way. It is shaped approximately like_. A. a round ballB. a doughnutC. a pretzelD. a flat spiral12. Unlike most other fish, sharks have no _.A. bonesB. teethC. gillsD. liver13. Alexander Graham Bell is best known for inventing the telephone, but he was a man of many interests. Another product for which he received patents was_. A. a cement-burning kilnB. a hydrofoil boatC. a “magic lantern” projectorD. a vacuum cleaner 14. It is now believed that dinosaurs became extinct because of _.A. viral diseasesB. hunting by early humansC. a worldwide period of climatic coolingD. a meteorite impact15. Kinetic energy is _.A. life energy, possessed only by living organismsB. only important at subatomic distancesC. energy of movementD. a rare form of energy sometimes observed in deep space1-5 CAADB 6-10 DDBAA 11-15 DABDC 11 D The Milky Way has four spiral arms radiating out from a central cluster of stars or nucleus. Our solar system is located on one of the spiral arms, quite far from the center.12. A A sharks skeleton is made of cartilage, a material somewhat softer and more flexible than bone.13. B In later life, while living in Canada, Bell worked with Casey Baldwin to develop a practical hydrofoil watercraft. In 1919, his HD-4 craft set a world marine speed record of over 70 miles (110 km) per hour that stood for ten years.14. D A large meteorite is thought to have collided with the earth at the end of the Cretaceous period, some 65 million years ago. It probably struck near Mexicos Yucatan peninsula. The extinctions were caused by climate changes resulting from the collision.15. C Anything that moves has kinetic energy. In a collision between objects, kinetic energy is transferred from one object to the other.V. Proofread the following passage.As scientific advances bring cloning out of the realm of science fiction and into the domain of medical reality, concern is growing what the possible implications will be. Many fear that 1. aboutit could have disastrous consequences. Will experiments gone awry result to deformed human beings? Will people replicate themselves 2. infor egomaniacal reasons? Will the concept of human identity drastically change? “Life is a creation, not a commodity,” President Bush argued last month in a speech before Congress, and as for such, 3. forhe emphasized, it should not be manufactured through cloning as though it was some kind of specialty goods. 4. were But many also argue that an important distinction needs to be recognized between “reproductive cloning,” in which the goal is the creation of a full-fledged human being, and “therapeutic cloning,” in which the goal is the creation of a several-day-old embryo which 5. fromundifferentiated stem cells can be harvested and potentially used to cure a variety of devastated diseases. Those who believe that human 6. devastatinglife begins with the very existence of an embryo cannot countenance a procedure that involves an embryos creation and destruction, evenon a very early stage. But those who believe that human life does not 7. atbegin at least when an embryos cells have begun to differentiate 8. untilthemselves into distinctly human tissue feel that prohibiting such 9. tissuesresearchwhich could save the lives of many people for cancer, 10. withdiabetes, heart disease, and other illnesseswould in itself be reprehensible and disrespectful of human life.You Are What You SayI. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions provided, making some change when necessary.1. faux-pas2. is built into3. endearment4. leeway5. corroboration6. paraphrasable7. idiosyncrasy/idiosyncrasies8. consummate9. girl Friday10. frivolity11. apt to12. pejoratively13. show up14. assertive15. undermineII. Use the appropriate form of the words given in the brackets to fill in the blanks.1. inadequacy2. engagement3. assert4. confirmation5. subliminal6. address7. immature8. pursuit, pursuit/pursuance9. originality, original10. fussyIII. Paraphrase.1. As I know, there is no evidence which can prove that women can distinguish more colors than men do.I cant prove that women can see more colors than men do.2. By using a tag question, a speaker is able to avoid being certain so that he can prevent himself from arguing or quarreling or disagreeing with the listener.3. As far as I know, the typical sentence-intonation pattern which is used almost only by women turns a positive answer into a question.4. An order/ A command that has been made clear by the speaker means a threatening consequence if it is not followed/obeyed. And it also means that the speaker is in a higher position and thus can impose the order on the listener, which is more impolite.5. Using requests to express wishes, on the other hand, a speaker means that only he / the speaker will take the consequences if the listener doesnt grant / carry out the request.By expressing wishes through making requests (as the speaker requests the listener to do him a favor, the speaker means that he himself will take the consequences if the listener doesnt do him the favor.IV. Test your general knowledge.1. B. 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. C. 7A 8.B. 9. B 10. C 11. D. 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. AV. Proofread the following passage.1. avoidto avoid2. pointspoints out3. hisher4. athe5. atas6. withwithout7. muchmuch more8. areis9. wereare10. areisThe World of DoublespeakI. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions provided, making some change when necessary.1. circumvent2. ambushed3. revenue4. inflate5. dividend6. shorthand7. theft8. laid off9. at variance with10. subject-matter11. preemptive12. cover up13. cynicism14. fall on15. subject toII. Use the appropriate form of the words given in the brackets to fill in the blanks.1. insight2. distaste3. grieve4. deprivation5. enhance6. co-operative7. legitimate8. hostility9. assembling10. profundityIII. Paraphrase.1. Doublespeak is language that protects the speaker from taking responsibility (being sure of what he is saying) and it is language that is different from its real or intended / supposed meaning (from what it really refers to).2. But a euphemism can also be a skillful / clever word or phrase. Using this word or phrase, the speaker can avoid directly talking about something serious or unpleasant. Or the speaker uses this word or phrase because he/she is considerate of what someone else feels (because he/she doesnt want to hurt someone elses feelings) or because he/she doesnt want to directly talking about something that is forbidden by a social / cultural custom (something that is not supposed to be mentioned directly in some societies or cultures).3. For example, when talking about property that is stolen, destroyed in an accident, or taken over for public use, lawyers refer to it as property that is transferred against the owners will.4. It is a difficult problem to find the specific, right time to stop the rapid increase in risk premiums caused by falling incomes and at the same time not to end too early / in advance the fall / drop / decrease in the risk premiums caused by inflation.5. If we really think that we understand doublespeak and that doublespeak expresses and promotes clear thought, then we will fall victim to a world described in George Orwells 1984, in which language controls everything (in which the totalitarian political regime controls everything through language).IV. Test your general knowledge.1. D2. A3. C4. B5. B6. A7. D8. C9. B10. A 11. C12. D13. A14. A 15. BV. Proofread the following passage.1. bringbrings2. has largehas a large3. gripgripping4. bythrough5. throughby6. allevery7. lyinglies 8. callcalls 9. insteadinstead of 10. withwith aPair WordsThe World of Doublespeak Plain Terms Doublespeakpotholespavement deficienciesnew taxrevenue enhancementbumsnon-goal oriented members of societypoor peoplefiscal underachieversrobbery of an ATMunauthorized withdrawalmedical malpracticediagnostic misadventure of a high magnitudekill the enemyservice the targetEuphemismkillingunlawful or arbitrary deprivation of lifebombs and artillery shells that fall on civilian targetsincontinent ordnanceneutron bombradiation enhancement deviceJargonsmellingorganoleptic analysisglass fused silicatecrackdiscontinuityconservative economic policiesdistributionally conservative notionsloss or destruction of property through theft, accident, or condemnationinvoluntary conversion of propertygobbledygookIt is a tricky problem to find the particular calibration in timing that would be appropriate to stem the acceleration in risk premiums created by falling incomes without prematurely aborting the decline in the inflation-generated risk premiums.Why wouldnt an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place to have a reduction of offensive system and an introduction to defense capability? I believe this is the route the country will eventually go.I think our performance in terms of the liftoff performance and in terms of the orbital performance, we knew more about the envelope we were operating under, and we have been pretty accurately staying in that. And so I would say the performance has not by design drastically improved. I think we have been able to characterize the performance more as a function of our launch experience as opposed to it improving as a function of time.” Inflated languagemechanicsAutomotive internistsElevator operatorsVertical transportation corpsUsed carsPre-owned/experienced carsBlack-and-white television setsTV sets having non-multicolor capacityLay offAlternative career enhancement programPatient diedNegative patient-care outcomeA fire in nuclear power plantRapid oxidation / energetic disassemblyFirst attackPre-emptive attackambushedEngaged the enemy on all sidesretreatBack-loading of augmentation personnelinvasionPredawn vertical insertionIllegal overthrow of a legitimate governmentDestabilizing a governmentliesInoperative statementsYou Are What You Saywoman: girlman:boymaster:mistressbachelor:spinsterdear; honeyThe Cost of Starting Families FirstI. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions provided, making some change when necessary.1. make ends meet 2. perk 3. cut back on 4. unencumbered 5. conundrum6. sabbatical 7. intangible 8. time off 9. way 10. skimp on11. put on hold 12. stuck on 13. thrived 14. fledgling 15. ended upII. Use the appropriate form of the words given in the brackets to fill in the blanks.1. accomplish 2. matures 3. inseparable 4. expenses 5. pregnant6. elevator 7. ease 8. scarcity 9. administration 10 maintenanceIII. Paraphrase.1. Besides the happy / pleasant pictures of babies learning to walk and ride bikes and of college graduation ceremonies on which parents feel happy and moved into tears, being parents means having to keep making sacrifices, spending money raising children and thinking over the losses and