时态和时态(湖北专用).doc

时态和语态复习导学案考纲解读： 湖北卷中完成句子对各种时态的考查在试题中所占比重很大，因为倒装句、各种句式结构中都离不开谓语动词的时态。考试大纲列举了常见的十种时态，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、一般过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去完成进行时。 突破方法: 在解答关于时态和语态的完成句子试题时，我们要注意了解并熟练掌握英语常用时态使用的基本规则，解题时要注意：1.首先根据中文提示确定本空考查的时态。比如，语境是表示过去，还是强调过去动作对现在的影响，或者该动作还将继续等。2.结合动词与句子主语的关系确定语态，用主动语态还是被动语态，是否该使用主动语态来表示被动的含义；3.判断了动词的时态、语态后，还应该注意动词与介词、名词的搭配。4.对动词时态的考查，同时涉及各种从句、主谓一致等知识，注意连接词的运用以及谓语动词的形式。Step 1 知识梳理图： Step 2 复习材料：1 一般体（一）一般现在时1. 表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然想象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。In summer,days are longer than nights and in winter its the opposite.夏天的白天比夜晚长，冬天则相反。As is known to us,the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.众所周知，太阳东方升起，西方落下。2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作，或经常存在的状态。常见的时间词有：often,usually ,always,sometimes,now and then等。Where do you live and where do you work?你住在什么地方？在哪里工作？Some senior three students go to school every day including Sunday.一些高三年级的学生每天都上学，包括星期天。3.可用于if,unless等引导的条件状从中，由when,before,until,as soon as ,the moment,once等引导的时间状从中，由no matter what/who/which/when/where/howwhat-ever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wher-ever，however等引导的让步状从中，从句用一般现在时表将来。The water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken.I will go with you as soon as I finish my work,whatever you say,I will not change my mind.（二）一般过去时1.表示过去某时刻发生的动作或存在的状态，这个动作或状态与现在无关。常见的时间词有：yesterday,last night,two days ago,then,the other day,lat year,just now等。She suddenly fell ill yesterday.2.表示过去某段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状况。He often came to help the poor when he was student.3.表示说话人始料未及的事情时，要用一般过去时。I didnt know it was you Your phone number again?I didnt quite catch it.Its 9568442Nancy is not coming tonight.But she promised.（3） 一般将来时和一般过去将来时1. 将来时态可表示从现在或过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。一般将来时多与tomorrow,next time,in a few days等时间状语连用。过去将来时态常用于其主句的谓语为过去时态的宾语从句中。A new teacher will come tomorrow.2. “is/are going to+动词原形” 可用于表示已经决定或据安排要做的事，也可表示依某种迹象要发生的事。“was/were going to +动词原形”可表示主语过去未曾实现的打算或计划，意为“本打算 ，本想”Are you going to have a football match tomorrow?3. is/are to do可表示按约定、计划或职责、义务、要求即将发生的动作，也可表示过去将来时间的安排，如果这个安排后来被取消了没有实现，则用“were/was to have done”表示。We are to meet at the station at four this afternoon.4. be about to do sth.可表示即将要发生的事，注意它不能与时间状语连用。The film is about to begin.(不久就要）二 进行体（一）现在进行时和过去进行时1.现在进行时可表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。过去进行时可表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，这一特定的过去时间通常有时间状语或上下文来表示。Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.2.现在进行时态可表示现阶段一直在进行，但说话时不一定正在进行的动作。过去进行时态可表示过去某一阶段正在进行，但说话时不一定正在进行的动作。Shirly was writing a book about China last year,but I dont know whether she has finished it.3 .come,go,stay,leave,start,begin,arrive,return等词的进行时态可表示按计划或安排即发生的动作。Jane is getting married this autumn.4.进行时态表示一个尚未完成的渐变过程。The weather is turning colder and colder.5.进行时与always,often,constantly,all the time等词连用常可表示说话人赞叹、抱怨、生气、不耐烦等。6.过去进行时可表示两个同时发生的动作，强调对比，常用动词when,while,as等来引导，主句用一般过去时。过去进行时在使用时，也可用于将某一动作作为叙述的背景用以说明另一动作的发生。As she was reading the newspaper,Granny fell asleep.7.现在进行时主要说明动作的暂时性、有限度的持续性和未完成性。I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.8. 四类动词不宜用进行时态：a.表心理情感的动词如love,prefer,believe,agree等；b.表存在状态的词如appear,exist,lie,remain,belong,depend on等；c.表一时性动作的词。如accept,admit,decide,promise等；d.感官动词如see,hear,feel,smell,sound,look等。（三）将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report. (2)表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。 I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning. (3)表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。 After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better. (4)表示委婉的请求 When shall we be meeting again.? (5)表示原因 Please come tomorrow afternoon，Ill be having a meeting tomorrow morning. (6)表示结果 Stop the child or he will be falling over. (7)表示对将来的打算（区别于对将来的预测） My duties will be ending in July , and Ill be returning to Shanghai.3 完成进行体 现在完成进行时主语+have（has）been+动词-ing 1. 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。 I have been learning English since three years ago. 自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。 2. 表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了。3. 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。 I have been working here for five years. 我在这里已经工作五年了。 I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去） 我一直在写一本书。 I have written a book.（动作已经完成） 我已经写了一本书。 4. 表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have known him for years. 我认识他已经好几年了。 * I have been knowing. 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等等四完成体（一）现在完成时1.现在完成时表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，或者已经结束并对现在产生影响或造成结果。适用现在完成时态的句中多含如下一些标志词：how long,for+时间段，recently,in the past few days,by now,by this time,these days,all these years,already,(not)yet,never,so far,several times,up to now,lately等。2.现在完成时与一般过去时所表示的动作或状态都发生在过去，但有所区别，区别在于：现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的影响或结果，它不能与表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时则只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系，它所表示的一个或一段时间是可以确定的。He wrote many plays when he was at college.3.注意如下一些特殊句式中要使用现在完成时态。This is the first time I have been here.Its the best song that Ive heard.It is/has been 3 years since I saw you.I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.（二）过去完成时1.过去完成时态表示某一时刻或动作前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。它可以表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。在高考中常将该时态置于宾语从句或状语从句中，表示主从句动作之间有明显的先后之分，且都有明确的过去时态作为过去完成时的时态基础。常用于过去完成时的时间状语有：by then,by the end of ,by the time 等。The film had already begun when I got there.By the end of last year,another new cinema had been built in our city.2.注意hope,think,expect,intend,mean,suppose等可用过去完成时态表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算、企图.I had intended to come over to see you last night,but I was prevented from doing so.3. 过去完成时态也常用于表示“一就”的hardly.when.,no sooner.than.,scarcely.when.句型中；It /This/That was the first(second)time +that 从句中。Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.It was the first time that he had spoken to me .4. 用在虚拟语气中。I wish I had gone with you to the concert. I would rather you had told her the truth.If only you had worked with great care.二 语态英语有两种语态主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“系动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其中be本身没有意义，但有人称、数、及时态的变化。被动语态的用法：1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。The window is dirty.I know.It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.2. get +过去分词表被动，表示一种结果或状态，而非动作。常见短语有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/broken/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.主动表被动意义：1. look,feel,taste,sound,smell.appear,ve,turn,stay,become,fall,get,keep,grow等系动词+形容词/名词构成系表结构。The steel feels cold.His plan proved practical.2. 表示开始、结果、运动的动词 如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。Work began at 7clock this morning.The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.3. 形容词easy,hard,fit,nice,dangerous,difficult等后面接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of water is fit to drink.The text is easy to understand.He is hard to get along with.4. 某些动词如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。The clothes washes well.Your pen writes smoothly.5. 其余的主动表被动的情况。The book is worth reading.My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.Who is to blame?I have something to do .Do you have something to be typed ,sir?Step 3 走进高考1.(2012湖北，77）In response to the audiences great demand, the play _ in the theatre twice a week. (put)应观众的强烈要求，这部戏将会在这个剧院每周上演两次。2.(2011湖北，79）Be careful ! The machine starts _(你一按）the button.(moment)3.(2010湖北，77）My mother was so proud of all _(我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.(do)4.(2010湖北，78）Last nights TV news said that by then the death of the missing people _(未证实）yet.(prove)5.(2009湖北，75）If times _(变了），have our ways of thinking changed too?(change)6.(2008湖北，40）At present ,lots of food,water,tents,and machine _(正在运往）from all over China and other parts of the world to the earthquake-stricken areas .(transport)7.(2007湖北，32）I havent the slightest idea _(他正在说什么）。（talk)8.(2007湖北，34）Last night,John was answering the letters that _(寄给他的）during the past two weeks.(arrive)Step 4 巩固提升1.When I went there last year, a new bridge _(正在修建)across the river. (build)2.E-mail, as well as phone calls, _(正起着越来越重要的作用) in daily communication. (play)3.The moment the 29th Olympic Games _(宣布) open, the whole world cheered. (declare)4.By the time the firemen arrived at the building, the fire _(已经扑灭了) by the nearby citizens. (put)5.The new type of cellphone _(会卖的更好) if it is advertized on TV. (sell)6.You must do your homework now; you _(一直在玩) computer games all the evening. (play)7.- Do you smoke? - No, I dont. But I used to. It is two years since _(我吸烟).(smoke)8.The test that can actually give measurement of the languages skills of the students _(受到质问) by many teachers. (question)9.I _(本来打算拜访你) yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave. (intend)10.- Ill come to see your performance at 9:00 tomorrow evening. - Im sorry, by then my performance _(结束)and Ill be meeting reporters in the meeting room. (end)11.The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1.200.That means it _(增加了20%).（increase)12.The old man _(一直争斗) the illness ever since he was diagnosed with cancer. (struggle)13._（保护我们的地球）,or it will be no longer fit for us to live on. (protect)14.I said that I _(安排好) for everything and be with in half an hour. (make)15.It _(过不了多久) we know the telephone rang. (be)16.He _(一进房间)when the telephone rang. (get)17.The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front _(预计会来临). (expect)18.Mary told her parents that she _（都遭拒绝）for six jobs. (turn)19.That the price of food _（快速上涨）recently makes consumers worried. (go)20.-Is this the first time you _（游览）Chengdu？ -No. But the first time I came here, the city wasnt so beautiful. (visit)21. -Have you found the problem with the car? -Sorry, it _（被检查）. (check)22. -Good morning, Mr. White! -Late again? -Sorry, I could have arrived earlier if I _（没有回去取）my pencil-box. (return)23. -Whats the matter with you, Jesse? You seem unhappy. -Not really. I _（正在想）whether I could pass the examination. (wonder)24.As far as I know, the film of Harry Porter 6 _（已经完成）and will be shown on November 21, 2008. (complete)25.When she realized I _（给她拍照）, she quickly made a pose, smiling. (photograph)26. -I didnt do well in the exam yesterday. Of course I _（没有学习）for it. -Oh, you poor thing! But I think you should learn a lesson. (study)27.-Have you thought about your day off next week? -Oh, yes, I _（享受）the sunshine in Hawaii next Friday afternoon while youre all working. (enjoy)28. Tom (被困在雨中)last night and unluckily, he didnt have an umbrella.(trap) Step 5 主谓一致1、 语法一致原则主语单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式，即主语是单数，谓语用单数，主语是复数，谓语用复数。 Tow students are waiting for you in your office.两名学生在办公室等你。二、意义一致原则谓语动词用单数的情况(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现。The worker and writer is from Wuhan.那个工人兼作家来自武汉。(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语。Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。(3)one/every one/each/either/the number of复数名词作主语。Each of the students has a book.每个学生都有一本书。(4)由every，any，some，no和one，thing，body等所构成的不定代词作主语。Is everybody here today？今天每个人都在这儿吗？(5)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语。Persuading him to join us seems really hard.劝他加入我们看起来确实难。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是一个好习惯。谓语动词用复数的情况(1)由and连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念。Both bread and butter are sold out.面包和黄油都卖完了。(2)people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语。People read for pleasure during their spare time.人们闲暇之余的阅读是为了消遣。(3)一些常用做复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等作主语。The goods are made in China.这些货物都是中国制造的。(4)由山脉、群岛、瀑布等以s结尾的专有名词作主语。The Himalayas are the roof of the world.喜马拉雅山脉是世界屋脊。(5)a number of/quantities of/a group of名词作主语。A number of other plants were found in America.在美国发现了大量的其他植物。谓语动词单、复数视情况而定(1)集体名词class，family，army，team，club，population，enemy，party，crowd，crew，audience，public，government，majority，group等作主语，强调整体用单数，指个体成员用复数。The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.中国人口很多，其中80%的人住在农村。(2)单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语形式要根据其具体含义而定，这类词有：means，works，pains，deer，fish，sheep等。Every means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective.每种方法都试过，但没有一个有效。There are various means of communicating with a stranger.同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。(3)“kind，sort，pair，type名词”作主语，以这些名词本身的单复数而定。The kind of paper is made of straw.这种纸是由稻草制成的。Some kinds of animals are dying out.一些种类的动物要灭绝了。(4)all，none，some，any等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。All is going on very well.一切顺利。All are present besides the professor.包括教授在内大家都在。(5)“half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数/百分数of名词”作主语，谓语动词要和of之后的名词单复数保持一致。A lot of studen