助老助残爬楼梯轮椅设计【优秀毕业设计】【含8张cad图纸、proe三维】
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优秀毕业设计
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文译文题目： Mechanisms And Machine Theory 机构和机器原理 学生姓名： 专业： 机械设计制造及其自动化（单） 所在学院： 机电工程学院 指导教师： 职称： 年 2月 22日Mechanisms And Machine TheoryIntroduction to Mechanism：The function of a mechanism is to transmit or transform motion from one rigid body to another as part of the action of a machine. There are three types of common mechanical devices that can be used as basic elements of a mechanism.1、Gear system, in which toothed members in contact transmit motion between rotating shafts. 2、Cam system, where a uniform motion of an input member is converted into a nonuniform motion of the output member. 3、Plane and spatial linkages are also useful in creating mechanical motions for a point or rigid body. A kinematic chain is a system of links, that is, rigid bodies , which are either jointed together or are in contact with one another in a manner that permits them to move relative to one another. If one of the links is fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will cause each of the other links to move to definite predictable position, the system is a constrained kinematic chain. If one of the links is held fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will not cause each of the other links to move to a definite predictable position then the system is an unconstrained kinematic chain,A mechanism or linkage is a constrained kinematic chain, and is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion and/or force from a source to an output. A linkage consists of links (or bars), generally considered rigid, which are connected by joints, such as pin Cor revolute) or prismatic joints, to form open or closed chains (or loops). Such kinematic chains, with at least one link fixed, become mechanisms if at least two other links remain mobility, or structures if no mobility remains. In other words, a mechanism permits relative motion between its rigid links; a structure does not. Since linkages make simple mechanisms and can be designed to perform complex tasks, such as nonlinear motion and force transmission they will receive much attention in mechanism study.Mechanisms are used in a great variety of machines and devices. The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four-bar linkage, which has three moving links (plus one fixed link) and four pin joints. The link that is connected to the power source or prime mover and has one moving pivot and one ground pivot is called the input link. The output link connects another moving pivot to another ground pivot. The coupler or floating link connected the two moving pivots, thereby coupling the input to the output link.The four-bar linkage has some special configurations created by making one or more links infinite in length. The slider-crank (or crank and slider) mechanism is a four-bar chain with a slider replacing an infinitely long output link. The internal combustion engine is built based on this mechanism. Other forms of four-link mechanisms exist in which a slider is guided on a moving link rather than on a fixed link. These are called inversions of the slider-crank, produced when another link (the crank, coupler, or slider) is fixed link.Although the four-bar linkage and slider-crank mechanism are very useful and found in thousands of applications, we can see that these linkages have limited performance level. Linkages with more members are often used in more demanding circumstances. However it is often difficult to visualize the movement of a multiloop linkage, especially when other components appear in the same diagram. The first step in the motion analyses of more complicated mechanisms is to sketch the equivalent kinematic or skeleton diagram. The skeleton diagram serves a purpose similar to that of the electrical schematic or circuit diagram .Organization movement analysis second step: Draws a graphic chart, is must determine the organization the number of degrees of freedom. Based on degree of freedom, but Italy refers needs certain independent inputs the movement number, by determined organization all components are opposite in the ground position. The people have thousands of different types conceivably the link motion gear. You may imagine a bag containing massive link motion gear the component: Two pole groups, three pole groups, four pole groups and so on, as well as components, rotation, motion, cam follower, gear, tooth chain, chain wheel, leather belt, belt pulley and so on. (Sphere movement, screw vice-as well as the permission three dimensional relative motion other connections not yet includes, here, discusses in parallel planes merely plane motion). Moreover you conceivable put these components various types link motion gear possibility which forms in the same place. How exists helps the people to control forms these organizations the rule? In fact, the majority organization duty is requests a sole input to transmit to a sole output. Therefore the single degree of freedom organization uses most one kind of organization type. For example, namely may see by the intuition: Four pole organizations are a single degree of freedom link motion gear. The picture motion diagram and the determination organization degree of freedom process, is the movement analysis and the synthesis process first stage. In the movement analysis, adds on its characteristic according to the organization geometry shape which possibly knew (for example input angle, speed, angle acceleration and so on) studies the determination concrete organization. On the other hand, the movement synthesis is designs an organization to complete the duty process which an institute requests. In this, chooses the new organization the type and the size is a movement synthesis part. Conceives the relative motion ability, can guess the reason that designs an organization the reason and makes the improvement to a concrete design ability is like this a successful organization scientists symbol. Although these abilities come from the congenital creativity, however more is because has grasped the technology which enhances from the practice. The movement analysis： simple one of most useful organizations is four pole organizations. In on following elaboration majority of content centralism discussion link motion gear, but this procedure is also suitable for the more complex link motion gear. We already knew four pole organizations have a degree of freedom. About four pole organizations, has the useful more contents which must know? Indeed is some! These pull the Xiao husband criterion including the standard, the transformation concept, the blind spot position (divergence point), branch office, transmission angle, with theirs movement characteristic, including position, speed and acceleration. Four pole organizations may have one kind of being called as crank rocker organization form, one kind of double rocking lever organization, one kind of double crank (tension bar) does the organization, which one form send in is called as the organization, is decided in two pole movement scopes which (fixed component) connects with the rack. The crank rocker organization input component, the crank may revolve through 360 and the continuous rotation, but outputs the component to make the undulation merely (i.e. swing member). As an exceptional case, in the parallel four pole organization, inputs the pole the length to be equal to outputs the pole the length, the go-between length and the fixed link (rack) length, also is equal. Its input and the output all may make the complete alternation rotation or transform the being called as antiparallel quadrangle organization the overlapping structure. The standard pulls the Xiao husband criterion (theorem) to indicate that,If in four pole organizations, between two poles can do willfully relatively rotates continuously, that, its longest pole length is smaller than sum of with the shortest pole length or is equal to sum of the other two pole length.Should pay attention: The same four pole organization, may have the different form, which pole is this decided in was stipulated (i.e. makes fixed link) as the rack. The movement transformation process is in the fixed organization transmission chain different member has the different organization rate process. Besides has about the component rotation scope knowledge, but also must have how causes the organization before the manufacture on energy “the revolution” the good measure, that will be very useful. Hardenbergh (Hartenberg) speaks of: “The revolution” is terminology, its significance passes to outputs the component the movement validity. It meant the revolution is steady, in which can in output in the component to have a strength or the torque biggest force component is effective. Not only although the final output strength or the torque are the connecting rod geometric figure functions, moreover also is generally the power or the force of inertia result, that is frequently big to like static strength several times. In order to analyze the idling or in order to easy to obtain how can cause any organization “the revolution” the index, the transmission angle concept is extremely useful. In organization movement period, the transmission angle value is changing. The transmission angle 0 may occur in the special position. Will output the pole but in this special position the movement with not to exert inputs on the pole the strength many to have nothing to do with greatly. In fact, as a result of the movement vice-friction influence, the general basis practical experience, with the transmission angle planning board which is bigger than the rating. The weight link motion gear transmission movement ability matrix foundation definition already studied. A determining factor value (it includes regarding some assigns organization graph, position output movement variable to input variable derivative) is a this link motion gear in concrete position mobility criterion. If the organization has a degree of freedom (e.g. four pole organizations), then stipulated a location parameter, if the input angle, completely determined this organization stops position (neglect branch offices possibility). We may study one about four pole organization component absolute angular position analysis expression. When analyzes certain positions and (or) certain different organization time, this will be must be much more useful than the geometric figure analysis program, because this expression will cause the automated computation easy to program. The realization organization speed analysis relative velocity law is the speed polygon is one of several effective methods. This end (goes against) the spot to represent on the organization all spots, has the zero speed. From this the line which stipples respectively to the speed polygon in is representing the absolute speed which this organization photograph well should select respectively. In a line connection speed polygon random two points represents is taking on this organization two corresponding spot relative velocity. 机构和机器原理机构介绍：一个机构的功能是传送或从一个刚体变换运动到另一个机器的动作的一部分。有三种类型的普通的机械装置的，可以用来作为一种机构的基本元素。1齿轮装置。那是在回转轴之间进行接触传动的啮合构件。2凸轮装置。把输入构件的均匀运动转换成输出构件的非均匀运动的装置。3平面机构和空间机构也是能使一个点或一个刚体产生机械运动的有用装置。 运动链是一个构件系统装置即若干个刚体，它们或者彼此铰接或者互相接触，方式上是允许它们彼此间产生相对运动。如果构件中的某一构件被固定而使任何其他一个构件运动到新的位置将会引起其他各个构件也运动到确定的预期的位置上的话，该系统装置就是一个可约束的运动链。如果构件中的某一构件仍保持固定而使任一运动到达一新的位置而不会使其他各个构件运动到一个确定的预期的位置上的话，则该系统装置是一个非约束运动链。机构或连杆构件是一个可约束的传动链而且是一个从输入到输出以传递运动和（或）力为目的的机械装置。连杆机构是由通常被认为是刚体构件或杆组成的，它们是以销轴铰接的，例如用柱销（圆形的）或棱柱体销轴铰接，以便成形开式或闭式（回环式）的运动链。这样的运动链在至少有一个构件被固定的条件下：如果至少有两个构件能保持运动，就变为机构，如果没有一个构件能够运动，则就成为结构。换句话说，机构是允许其“刚性构件”之间相对运动，而结构则不能。由于连杆机构做成一简单机构而且能设定实现复杂的任务，例如非线性运动和力的传递运动。它们在机构学研究中将受到更多的关注。机构被用于许多许多的机器和装置中。最简单的封闭式的连杆机构就是四杆机构，四杆机构有三个运动构件（加上一个固定构件）并且有四个销轴。连接动力源的构件即原动件，而具有一个移动铰和一个固定铰者叫做输入构件。输出构件将一个移动铰和另一个固定铰连系起来。连接构件即浮动构件将两个移动的铰（回转副）连系起来，因而连接构件就将输入传送到输出。四杆机构若使一个或几个构件无限长而产生某些特殊的构造。曲柄滑块（即曲柄和滑块）机构就是一个四杆机构特例。其以一个滑块替换一个无限长的输出件。内燃机就是建立在这一机构基础上。有着另一种形式的四杆机构，其中滑块是在一运动的构件上导移运动而不是在一固定构件上。这些就被称为曲柄滑块机构的变换，它是其中一个构件（曲柄、连杆或滑块）被固定时形成的。虽然四杆机构和曲柄滑块机构是非常有用而且在成千上万的应用中都可找到。但是我们还看到，这些连杆机构其性能水平的发挥已经受到限制。具有更多构件的连杆机构常常用于更多要求的情况中。然而可以设想多回环的连杆机构的运动常常是更为困难的，特别是当其他零件出现在同一图中的时候，要进行更复杂机构的运动分析：第一步是绘制一等效运动图即示意图。这示意图用于电路图解类似的目的，即仅仅表示机构的主要本质的意图，然而它要体现影响其运动的关键的尺寸。运动图可用两种形式中的一种：一是草图，二是比例准确的运动图。机构运动分析的第二步：画一个图解图，是要确定机构的自由度数。依据自由度，可意指需要若干个独立输入的运动的数目，以确定机构所有的构件相对于地面的位置。人们可以想象存在数以千计的不同类型的连杆机构。你可想象一个袋子包容大量的连杆机构的组元：二杆组，三杆组，四杆组等等，以及构件，回转副，移动副，凸轮随动件，齿轮，齿链，链轮，皮带，皮带轮等等。（球形运动副，螺旋副以及允许三维相对运动的其他连接尚未包括进去，这里，仅仅讨论平行平面内的平面运动）。而且你可以想象一下把这些组元放在一起而形成的各种类连杆机构的可能性。存在如何帮助人们控制所形成这些机构的规律吗？实际上，大多数机构的任务是要求一个单一的输入被传递到一个单一的输出。因此单一自由度的机构是使用最多的一种机构类型。例如，由直观可以看出：四杆机构就是一个单一自由度的连杆机构。画运动图和确定机构自由度的过程，就是运动分析和综合过程的第一个阶段。在运动分析中，根据机构的几何形
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