Unit 2Two life-saving medicines

Unit2,Twolife-savingmedicines,Lead-in,Peoplemaytakemedicinewhentheyareill.However,iftheydonttaketherightmedicineintherightway,theymaynotgetbetter.Insteadtheymaygetworse.,Doyouknowwhattheyare?,aspirin阿司匹林,penicillin青霉素,Whatillnessescanthetwomedicinescure?Whatelsedoyouknowaboutthesetwomedicines?,Aspirin,achangeinthewayacountryisgoverned,usuallytoadifferentpoliticalsystemandoftenusingviolenceorwarapieceoffurnitureorasmallpartofaroomwithadoorordoorsbehindwhichthereisspaceforstoringthings,usuallyonshelveshelpful,usefulorgoodtocrushfoodintosmaller,softerpieceswiththeteethsothatitcanbeswallowed;tobitesomethingwithyourteeth,usuallyinordertotasteitsflavour,n.revolution,n.cupboard,adj.beneficial,v.chew,tohaveorownsomething,ortohaveaparticularqualityasmallsolidpieceofmedicine;athin,flat,oftensquarepieceofhardmaterialsuchaswood,stone,ormetalnecessaryforthesuccessorcontinuedexistenceofsomething;extremelyimportantpossiblewhenthenecessaryconditionsexist;someonesorsomethingsabilitytodevelop,achieveorsucceed,vt.possess,n.tablet,adj.vital,n.wayinwhichsomethingcanbeusedforaparticularpurpose;whenyouspreadorrubasubstancesuchascreamorpaintonasurface,oralayerofcreamorpaint,v.circulate,adj.abnormal,vt.astonish,n.application,tonotbeabletodosomethingsuccessfulorachievingtheresultsthatyouwanthavingapositiveopinionofsomeoneorsomethingtoincreasethespeed;tohappenormakesomethinghappensoonerorfasterhavinganeffectonorinvolvingalargenumberofpeopleorformingalargeamount;alargeamountofsomethingthathasnoparticularshapeorarrangement,adj.unable,adj.effective,n.approval,v.accelerate,adj.chemical,chemist)acompoundmadeupoffamiliarwords(life-saving,best-selling,widespread)thesingle/pluralformofafamiliarword,(bacteria,bacterium),Skimmingtogetgeneralideas,Skimming,ReadingComprehensionI,2.Whatarethetwomedicinesmentionedinthearticle?,Aspirinandpenicillin.,1.Whatsthemainideaofthearticle?,Thearticlefocusesontwomedicinesthathavechangedpeopleslives.,teamwork,3.Whenwaspenicillinfirstdiscovered?In1928.4.WhatawarddidFleming,FloreyandChainshare?TheNobelPrizeinMedicine.,ReadingComprehensionI,Skimming,ReadingComprehensionII,Passagestructure,Twolife-savingmedicines,aspirin,penicillin,thehistoryofaspirin,theusesofaspirin,thehistoryofpenicillin,theusesofpenicillin,Carefulreadingtosolvedifficultpoints,Thisarticlewillfocusontwodrugsthatstartedrevolutionsinmedicine.(P18)这篇文章将着重讲述两种引发了医学革命的药物。,1)focuson:topaymuchattentiontoEg.Whenlisteningtoalecture,youshouldfocusonthespeakersmainpoints.Myparentsoftentellmetofocusmyattentiononmywork.,2)focusn.when(sb/sth)attractsthemostattentionorinterestEg.Thesuperstarsoonbecamethefocusofattentionasshecameintothehall.Theuseofdifferenttypesofenergyisthefocusofourstudy.,openup,toshowsth.thatwashiddenornotpreviouslyknown:,Thedebatecouldopenupsharpdifferencesbetweenthecountries.,这次辩论能够揭露这些国家之间的明显差异。,2.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardorgotoanymedicinecounterintheworld,itislikelythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.(P18)倘若你打开世界上的任何一个药柜，或者走到任何一个卖药的柜台，都可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。,(3)tostarttotalkmoreaboutyourselfandyourfeelings:,IveneveropeneduptoanyonelikeIdotoyou.,我从来没有对任何人像对你一样地敞开心扉。,(2)tomakeaspacelargerorlessenclosed:,我们打算把墙壁推倒来扩大我们的厨房。,Weregoingtoopenupourkitchenbyknockingdownacoupleofwalls.,Itislikelythat,likely在这里是形容词。意为：可能的，可能会发生的；Itislikelytodosth.Itislikely(that)可能会冒犯某些军人的话remarksthatarelikelytooffendsomesoldiers他也生过病，所以几乎可以肯定你是从他那儿传染的。Hehadbeensicktoo,soitsmorethanlikelyyoucaughtitfromhim.,3.Nearly3,500yearsago,peoplechewedonleavesordrankakindofteamadefromleavespossessingaspecialchemicaltoreducebodypainsandfever.(P18)将近3500年前，人们咀嚼一种含有特殊化学物质的树叶或饮用由这种树叶制成的茶，以减轻身体疼痛或退烧。,句中madefromleaves是过去分词短语，用作akindoftea的后置定语；possessingaspecialchemical是现在分词短语，用作leaves的后置定语。,4.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899,whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegandistributingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.(P18)对此药进行的首批试验发生在1899年，当时霍夫曼供职的公司开始将这种药以粉末形式分发给医师，在病人身上使用。,句中when引导非限制性定语从句。该定语从句中又包含了一个定语从句，即Hoffmannworkedfor,修饰先行词thecompany。句中trial的意思是“试验，试用”。短语inform/intheformof意为“以形式”。,5.Notonlyhasaspirinprovedvitalforreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.(P18)阿司匹林不仅被证明对于退烧、止痛必不可少，而且还有其他用途。,1)句中notonly位于句首，其所在的分句要用倒装结构，butalso后的分句不用倒装。Notonlydidthepoormanlosehisjob,buthewasalsosenttoprison.这个可怜的人不仅丢了工作，而且还被送进了监狱。,2)句中thataspirincanhelpwith为定语从句，修饰前面的otherthings。3)形容词vital的意思是“极其重要的，必不可少的”。当它作表语并后接从句时，从句中的谓语要用“(should)+动词原形”形式。Itisvitalthateverypieceofequipment(should)becheckedbeforetheexperiment.实验之前检查所有设备是至关重要的。,6.LawrenceCraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,introducedtheideain1953thataspirinhadthepotentialtoreducetheriskofheartattacks,becauseithelpedthebloodcirculatebetter.(P18)美国医生劳伦斯.克雷文在1953年提出一个观点，即阿司匹林可能有助于降低心脏病发作的风险，因为它能改善血液循环。句中adoctorfromtheUSA是LawrenceCraven的同位语；而theidea后接一个由that引导的同位语从句，说明theidea的具体内容，两者被时间状语in1953隔开；在此同位语从句中，because又引导一个原因状语从句。,7.Itastonishedhimtoseethebacteriasurroundingthemoulddead,whichmeantthatthemouldhadkilledthem.(P19)令他十分惊讶的是，他发现这种霉周围的细菌都死了，这意味着这种霉杀死了它们。句中的it是形式主语；分词短语surroundingthemould用作thebacteria的后置定语，dead用作thebacteria的补语；which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面提到的事实，即霉周围的细菌都已经死亡。,8.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthebacteriumtoo.(P19)弗莱明将这种霉用在另一种细菌上做实验，发现它同样杀死了那种细菌。trysomethingouton在上试验某物Thedrughasnotbeentriedoutonhumanyet.这种药物尚未进行过人体试验。,9.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfromsicknessorevensmallwounds.(P19)如果没有青霉素，很多人会死于疾病，甚至很小的伤口。本句使用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的假设。此时，主句用could/shouldhavedone，if从句用过去完成时。Ifwehadfoundhimearlier,wecouldhavesavedhim.要是我们早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。,Scanningtogetdetailedinformation,Scanning,ReadingComprehensionIII,1.Whenwasaspirinfirstmade?In1897.2.Whendidpeoplefindthatdrinkingaspecialkindofteacouldreducebodypainsandfever?Nearly3,500yearsago.,3.Whatotherthingscanaspirinhelpwithbesidesreducingfeverandpain?Itcanalsohelpreducetheriskofheartattacksbythinningblood,preventstrokes,reducetheriskofsomecancers,increasethelengthofpeopleslivesandhelpwithdiabetes.4.WheredidAlexanderFlemingfindpenicillin?Inamouldthatkilledbacteria.,5.WhatillnessdidFlemingthinkthemouldmightbeusedtotreat?Itmightbeusedtotreatillnesscausedbybacteria.6.WhatdifficultiesdidFleminghaveindevelopingpenicillinasadrug?Firsthewasunabletofindaproceduretomakepenicillinpureenoughtoworkasamedicine.Second,itwasdifficulttoproducepenicillinintheamplequantitiesneededtobeeffective.,Scanning,ReadingComprehensionIV,In1900:In1971:In1977:In2003:,soldinshopsintheformtablets,provedtoreducetheriskofheartattacks,usedtopreventstrokes,usedtoreducebloodsugarlevels,Developmentofaspirin,In1928:In940:In1945:,discoveredbyAlexanderFleming,madeandtestedinlargequantities,DevelopmentofPenicillin,massproductionbegan,Scanning,ReadingComprehensionIV,Effectsofaspirin,reducingfeverhelpingstoppainreducingtheriskofheartattackspreventingstrokesreducingtheriskofsomecancersincreasingthelengthofpeopleslivesreducingbloodsugarlevelsandhelpswithdiabetes,Effectsofpenicillin,treatingillnessescausedbybacteria,Whatdoyouthinktheworldwouldbelikeiftherewerenomedicines?DoyoubelievethatwonderdrugswillbeinventedtotreatdiseaseslikeAIDSinthefuture?,Letthewordfly,多词意多词性的,counter,GuesstheChinesemeanings:theplacewhereyoupayorareservedinashop,bank,restaurantetc2.apieceofelectricalequipmentthatcountssth3.anactionthatisusedtotrytopreventsthbadfromhappening,oranagreementusedtoprovethatsthiswrong,n.柜台,overthecounter(买药)不用处方；underthecounter暗地里，密密地,n.计算器，计数器,n.制止，反驳,tosaysthinordertotrytoprovethatwhatsbsaidwasnottruetodosthinordertoreducethebadeffectsofsth,ortodefendyourselfagainsttheminawaythatisoppositetosth,v.反驳，反对,vt.抵消，制止，对抗,adv.相反地,runcounterto违背，违反,此外，counter还可以做为前缀，表示“与相反，对抗”或者“对应，对等”。counteractv.抵消，对抗；counterpartn.两方面地位职务相当的人/物,Fillintheblankswithproperwordsaccordingtothereadingmaterial.,QuizI,W:Idliketoknowaboutthetwomedicinesaspirinandpenicillin.Couldyoupleasetellmesomethingaboutthem?,M:Illbegladto.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardintheworld,itisvery(1)l_thatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthemhavesavedmanypeopleslivessincetheywere(2)i_.,W:Whenwasaspirininvented?,ikely,nvented,M:in1897.However,about3,500yearsago,people(3)c_onleavesordrankakindofteamadefromleaves(4)p_aspecialchemicaltoreducebodypainsandfever.In1897,aEuropeanchemistproduce