2018年12月四级真题(一)解析

-Part I Writing(30 minutes)The Challenges of Living in a Big City【1】With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people, they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being late.Therefore, I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it【5】so crowded that you cant find a peaceful place unless staying at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cinemas and parks. parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources, thus decreasing residents sense of happiness.【7】 As a result, although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answer is always no, definitely not, How about you?欢迎下载话题词汇:unsatisfactory不满意的leisure娱乐opportunity机会fast pace快节奏pressure压力lifestyle生活方式environment环境urban城市的health健康Part III Reading ComprehensionSection A【词性分析】:名词: A) ability能力;才能; E) control控制;管制;F) damage伤害;损害; M) sources来源;根源;O) vehicles交通工具,车辆动词:B) associated与相关;联系;E) control管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对有不良影响G) described描绘,描述; H equals相当于;比得上;) innovated创新,革新;L) relates相联系;把系起来;M) sources来自;找出的来源;N) undermine逐渐削弱形容词:D) constant持续不断的;始终如一的副词:C) consciously有意识地,自觉地; 1) exclusively仅仅,唯独;K) regularly经常;定期地 Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of costs 27-associated with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.1. die v. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零n.骰子2. trilliontrljnn. 万亿; 兆adj.万亿的3. welfare welfe(r) n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁4. alone ln adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有;The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking, has remained 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.5. source srs n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因v. 来源; 起源; 寻求来源6. remain rmenn.剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体v.留下; 保持;依然; 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留7. constant knstnt adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的n.常量; 不变的事物 The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain. 在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。8. despite dspat prep. 不管; 尽管（自己）不愿意; 不在乎; n. 侮辱; 憎恨; 怨恨; 轻蔑的拒绝或不承认 例句：Despite his lack of experience, he got the job. Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation（健康指标与评估研究所所长） Chris Murray 30-described it as an“urgent call to action”action. One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31-control ,”he said.9. institute nsttju:t vt. 建立; 制定; 开始; 着手n. 协会; 学会; 学院; （教育、专业等）机构例句：He thought of trying for a position in a research institute. 他想方设法在一个研究机关找个工作.10. metricmetrk adj. 米制的，公制的 health metrics 健康指标11. evaluate vljuetv. 评价，估价12. urgent:dnt adj. 急迫的; 催促的; 强求的; 极力主张的例句： There is an urgent need for food and water13. prematurepremt(r) adj. 过早的; 提前的; 早产的; 草率的 A fire caused the premature closing of the exhibition. 火灾迫使展览会提前结束.abortionThe effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32-equals nearly, 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-income countries live in places where they 33-regularly expensive dangerous levers of outdoor air pollution.14. laborleb(r)n.劳动;劳工;v. 努力争取(for); 苦干adj. 劳工的，工会的But the problem is not limited 34-exlcusively to the the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel( di:zl 柴油) 35-vehicles have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.petrol petrl = gasoline gsli:n splash petrolFood-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress食物即药物运动正在取得进展A) Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles(aisle aln.过道，通道; 侧廊) of Ralphs market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau(丹尼尔那多), wandering(wander wnd(r)vt.漫步,游荡,闲逛;（道路或河流）蜿蜒曲折; （人的思想等）走神，胡思乱想 ) the cereal( sriln.谷物; 荞麦食品adj. 谷物的) aisle with Allison Scott（艾莉森斯科特）, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently(adv.坚持地; 固执地) avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?”he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare; you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”B) Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician( fznn.医生，内科医生) who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center(玛丽&迪克艾伦糖尿病中心), part of the St. Joseph Hoag Healthalliance(lansn.（国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟)（圣约瑟夫霍格健康联盟）. The centers Shop with Your Doc program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for(注册，报名参加) the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.C) Nadeau notices the pre-made(预先配制,现成的) macaroni (mkrni通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scotts shopping cart( k:t手推车) and suggests she switch to whole grain(谷物，粮食) macaroni and real cheese. “So Id have to make it? “she asks, her enthusiasm fadingfedv.(褪去，失去光泽; 逐渐消逝) at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject( rdektvt.拒绝; 抛弃，扔掉; 排斥; 吐出或呕吐;) it. “Im not sure theyd eat it. They just wont eat it.”D) Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “ And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse(rv:s v.（使）反转; （使）颠倒; 掉换;撤消) that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.E)Nadeau is part of a small revolution(revlu:n n.革命;彻底改变) developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but its making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely( slliadv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地) on medications(药物). By prescribing nutritional( njtrnladj.营养的;滋养的) changes or launching programs such as Shop with Your Doc , they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “Theres no question people can take things a long way toward(可以取得很大进步) reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer, by food choices,” Nadeau says.F) In the big picture（从大局来看）, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of St. Joseph Hoag Health,medical institutions（institutionnsttju:nn.（大学、银行等规模大的）机构; 惯例，制度）across the state are starting to make a philosophical（flsfkl adj.哲学上的）switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes（ekn.回声，共鸣） the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program（ erpju:tkpntri 治疗性食物储藏室项目） at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital（扎克伯格旧金山综合医院）, which completed its pilot phase fez （试验阶段） and is about to expand on an ongoing（ ng不断变化的） basis to five clinic（klnk n.诊所，门诊部） sites throughout（ru:at prep.（表示时间）自始至终; 在期间; 遍及地域; 遍及场所adv. 处处; 始终; 在所有方面） the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive（ntensvadj.加强的，强烈的）training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food, ”says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospitals medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives（健康食品倡议initiativentvn.倡议adj.自发的）. We want people to understand what theyre eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”G)In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine（洛马琳达大学医学院） is offering specialized training for its resident physicians（住院医师） in Lifestyle Medicine-that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially（ sbstnli adv.本质上，实质上; 大体上; 充分地; 相当多地） from dietary（ datr adj.饮食的 例如：dietary supplement膳食补充品） changes. Nonetheless（adv.虽然如此）, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nations high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke（strk中风） are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol（klestrl 胆固醇） and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.H）“Its a different paradigm( prdam范式) of how to treat disease, ”says Dr. Brenda Rea（布伦达雷）, who helps run the family and preventive（ prventv n. 预防; 防止adj.预防的） medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard（kbdn.橱柜; 衣柜; 食物柜; 壁橱） and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.I) Many people dont know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform（trnsf:mvt.改变;改观;变换） a patients life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease”.J) Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation ( nflmen炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable（inhospitable nhsptbl adj.不好客的，不友好的; 不适于居住的） to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet-particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.K) “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice（有发言权）in it.”36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.assignsanvt. 分派，指定，选派（某人）；分配(某物); 归于，归属; 法律 把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人The two large rooms have been assigned to us.=we have been assigned two large rooms.Assign sth to sb =assign sb sth Theyve assigned their best man to the job.Assignment (分配)任务；工作 38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.recover rkv(r) vt. 恢复; 重新获得; 找回；恢复健康（体力、能力等）recover from从收回取回; 恢复，痊愈例句：She returned to her family home to recover from an illness. 39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how tocook it.prescribe prskrab vt. 指定，规定; 指定，规定;开处方41. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.42. Diabetes(dabi:ti:z 糖尿病) patients are advised to eat more plant-based(植物性) food.43. Using food as medicine is no novel( nvladj.新奇的;异常的) idea, but the movement is making headway(n. 前进; 进展) these days.45.Americans high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.result from 产生于,由引起 例句：Many hair problems result from what you eat.result in引起，导致，以为结局 例句：Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver. Passage oneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought( dratn.干旱（时期），旱季; 旱灾) for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump( pmp用抽水机汲水;用泵（或泵样器官等）输送;) freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution(dstrbju:nn.分配，分布 ) system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling（drill drln钻头; 军事训练; v. 钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练） of wells could only reach depths of 1, 000 feet, but due to new pumping（pumppmp n.泵; 打气筒; v. 用抽水机汲水; 给打气; 用泵）practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted ( ekstrktv.抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers( kwf(r)地下蓄水层) below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1, 000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns.The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant( vekntadj.空闲的; 空缺的; 空虚的) space left is compacted(kmpkt v. 压紧; 把弄紧密，把弄结实; 使（文体）简洁adj. 紧凑的; 简洁的，) by the weight of the earth above.Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating ( di:slnen脱盐) the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible(fi:zbl adj. 可行的; 可用的; 可实行的), but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo( ndgvt.经历，经验; 遭受) desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2, 700 billion cubic( kju:bkadj.立方体的) meters of freshwater.46. How could Californias drought（ dratn.旱季; 干旱 ） crisis be solved according to some researchers?A) By building more reserves of groundwater.B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.C) By developing more advanced drilling devices. drilldrln. 操练; 钻头; 军事演习v钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练D) By upgrading its water distribution system.upgradepgredvt. 提升; 使（机器、计算机系统等）升级; 提高（设施、服务等的）档次; 提高（飞机乘客、旅馆住客等）的待遇downgradedangred v. 使降低; 使降职; 贬低; 低估advancedv:nsadj. 预先的;vt.（使）前进; 将提前It is a good idea to place your order well in advance. Too much protein prti:n in the diet may advance/accelerate the ageing process. 饮食中摄入过量蛋白质可能会加速衰老。47. What can be inferred about extracting（kstrktn.萃取，抽取） water from deep aquifers（kwf(r)n.地下蓄水层）?A) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.deemdi:mvt. 认为，视为; 主张(正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考)We deem it necessary to make this clear to you. 这件事我们认为有必要跟你们说清楚.B) It was not considered worth the expense.C) It may not provide quality freshwater.D)It is bound to gain support from the local people.boundband n. 界限; 跃起; （球等的）反跳;v.弹跳; 限制; 接壤;给划界，限制; adj. 用带子绑住的; 有义务的; 装订的48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground?A) The sinking of land surface. sink skv. 淹没; 下落;使下沉; 使下垂n.水池; 洗涤槽; 污水坑C)The damage to aquifers.B)The harm to the ecosystem.D)The change of the climate.49. What does the author say about deep wells?A) They run without any need for repairs.B)They are entirely free from pollutants. entirelyntali adv. 完全地; 完整地; 全部地; 彻底地pollutantplu:tnt n. 污染物 pollute ultimateltmtadj. 最后的; 极限的; 首要的; 最大的n. 终极; 顶点; 基本原理; 基本事实intimatentmt adj. 亲密的，亲近的n. 至交; 密友;The ultimate aim is to expand the network further. This hotel is the ultimate in luxury.C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater. steadystediadj. 稳定的，不变的; 镇定的，沉着的; 坚定的vt. 使稳定，使坚定50. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources?A) Peoples health may improve with cleaner water.B) Peoples water bills may be lowered considerably.considerate considerableC) The cost may go up due to desalination.D) They may be exhausted sooner or later. exhaust gz:stvt. 用尽，耗尽; 使精疲力尽; 排出; 彻底探讨Passage TwoThe Alpha Go programs victory is an example of how smart computers have become.But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically(ekl adj.伦理学的; 道德的), meaning can they be honest and fair?One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program(v.为制定计划; 设计安排活动; 编排) a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes