book7 unit2 Grammar.pptVIP

被动语态及动词不定式的被动形式,Grammar,不定式由“to+do(动词原形)”构成,其否定形式是“nottodo”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,在句子中作_,_,_,_,_,_或_。不定式没有人称和数的变化,但有_和_的变化。,独立结构,主语,表语,宾语,宾补,定语,状语,时态语态,不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被动语态，如下表所示。,todo,tohavedone,tobedoing,tohavebeendoing,tobedone,tohavebeendone,当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时用_语态；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时用_语态。进行式和完成进行式没有被动语态。,主动,被动,不定式的被动形式有下列用法:,(1)作主语Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.,形式主语,(2)作宾语SheaskedtobesenttoworkinHongKong.,(3)构成复合宾语(宾补)Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidntlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.(4)构成复合谓语Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.,(5)作定语Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldnextweek?(6)作状语Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.,Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.,不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等。,Hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.(complexpredicate)Shewasthefirstwomantohavebeenelectedtosuchapost.,1.在therebe结构中。Thereisalotofhomeworktodo.,Thereisnotimetolose.,2.在“be+adj+todo”结构中。常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap，fit，dangerous等。,Heishardtoconvince.Heisimpossibletoworkwith.,3.在“tooto;enoughto”结构中。Theproblemistoodifficulttoworkout.Thehouseisbigenoughtolivein.,4.在“with+n.+todo”结构中。Withnothingtodo,helayinbed.Withsomanyexercisestodo,Icantgotothecinema.,5.当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。Ihavealettertotypetoday.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?,(I是totype的逻辑主语),(you是tosay的逻辑主语),6.一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式表被动。IfeltIwastoblame.,1.Thedishesneed_.,tobewashed,wash,2.Themailisintended_.,send,tobesent,4.Thehouseis_.,sell,tobesold,3.Thewallisexpected_.,tobepainted,paint,1.Shehates_(laughat)byherclassmates.2.Timrefused_(accompany)byhisfathertoschool.3.Shestruggled_(understand)bytheFrenchvisitors.,tobeaccompanied,tobeunderstood,tobelaughedat,4.Thesearetheissues_(discuss)tomorrow.5.Thenewdrugis_(test)outon500patientsnextyear.6.Shewasverybeautifulbutshedidntlike_(envy)byallthegirlsshemet.,tobetested,tobeenvied,tobediscussed,我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的时候,或强调动作的承受者时。PrintingwasintroducedtoEuropefromChina.Look!Thereisnothinghere.Everythinghasbeentakenaway.Agoodtimewashadbyall.,1.Myhamburgerwaseatenbythedog.2.Thetoyismadebyhand.3.HewillbesenttoAfricanextweek.,一般现在时：_Englishisspokenbymanypeople.Iamaskedtogetupearlyeveryday.ThebooksarewrittenbyLuXun.,am/is/aredone,一般过去时：_Thesecomputersweremadeinourowncountry.一般将来时：_Shallwebeaskedtoattendtheopeningceremony?,was/weredone,will/shallbedone,过去将来时：_Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldiersmotherassoonasitarrived.,wouldbegiven,过去进行时：_Thefeastwasbeingpreparedwhenthebirdsarrivedinthesky.现在完成时：_Greatprogresshasalsobeenmadeincultureandeducation.,现在进行时：_Themachineisbeingrepairedintheworkshop.,am/is/arebeingdone,was/werebeingdone,have/hasbeendone,过去完成时：_ThehugebridgehadbeendamagedbeforetheWorldWar.将来完成时：_Thebookwillhavebeenpublishedbytheendofnextmonth.,hadbeendone,will/shallhavebeendone,含有情态动词的动词变成被动语态：_,情态动词+be+done,Thisproblemcanbesolved.Whatsdonecannotbeundone.,1.某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动词可以表示被动意义。cook,smell,taste,wash,write,shut,prove,sell,read,write1.Thedishtastesdelicious.2.Thetheoryprovedrightatlast.,Thebookissointerestingthatitsellswell.sells此处为不及物动词“销售起来;有销路”的意思；作及物动词为“卖;出售”）Thiskindofclothwasheswell.(耐洗),need+v.-ing表示“主语承受动词发出的动作”，表示被动意义。我的车需要修理。Mycarneedsrepairing.(=toberepaired).,beg,equal,fail,hold,possess,fit,become,contain,cost,fit,have,lack,suit等。,ThisnewEnglish-Chinesedictionarycostmetendollars.,3.某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：,如：战争爆发了。Thewarbrokeout.Thewarwasbrokeout.,4.通常只有及物动词（组）才有被动语态，不及物动词没有。,“be过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：,Theenemywassoonsurroundedbyus.Thehouseissurroundedbytrees.Shewasbittenbythedoginthedarkness.Iwasexcitedbythenewsthatmyhusbandgotpromoted.,1.Myfatherwillrepairmybikeforme.,Mybikewill_bymyfatherforme.,2.Ihavefoundmywallet.,Mywallethas_.,3.Shetoldmetowaithereforher.,I_towaithereforher.,berepaired,beenfound,wastold,4.Thepolicewillsurelyarrestthemurderer.Themurdererwillsurely_bythepolice.5.TheyinvitedMr.Greentomakeaspeech.Mr.Green_tomakeaspeech.6.Youmustnttakethosebooksoutofthereading-room.Thosebooksmustnt_outofthereading-room.,bearrested,wasinvited,betaken,1.Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms_allovertheworld.(天津2011)haveproducedB.havebeenproducedC.areproducingD.arebeingproduced,考点一：在时态中的应用,2.Experimentsofthiskind_inboththeU.S.andEuropewellbeforetheSecondWorldWar.(北京2011)haveconductedB.havebeenconductedC.hadconductedD.hadbeenconducted,【点拨】1.答案为B。时间状语Inthelastfewyears常与现在完成时连用；films与produce之间是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。2.答案为D。根据句意，此动作是在二战之前发生，故用过去完成时；experiments与conduct之间是被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。,考点二：在动词不定式中的应用Iftheywinthefinaltonight,theteamaregoingtotouraroundthecity_bytheirenthusiasticsupporters.(浙江2011)A.beingcheeredB.becheeredC.tobecheeredD.we