2020高考英语 分项突破训练阅读理解精析精练08 科普知识类

2020;2020高考英语分项突破训练阅读理解精析精练科普知识类【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案Last week, we explained that the planet Mars has passed “opposition.”It passed a point opposite the Sun. This week, we tell about the planets surprising motion(运动)among the stars.For thousands of years, people have recognized that planets travel among the stars. The planets generally follow the path taken by the Sun through the sky. The Suns path is called the ecliptic. The groups of stars along the ecliptic are called the Zodiac.The motion of the planets can be confusing at times. Everyone knows the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. But this is caused by the turning motion of the Earth. Planets generally move from west to east.However, Mars will appear to move backward for about two months this year. This happens because the Earth is overtaking Mars on its way around the Sun. Mars began its backward, or westward, motion on May 11th, It will start moving eastward again on July 19th.Mars apparent motion has been a mystery to astronomers for hundreds of years. Most early theories of the solar system argued that the Sun and planets turned around the Earth. But the sudden westward motion of Mars presented a problem. Why would Mars move west for two months when it nears “opposition”?In 1543, a Polish church worker named Nicolas Copernicus published a different theory. His theory said the Earth and planets moved around the Sun in perfectly circular orbits. Copernicus theory was simpler. But his Sun centered system still did not explain the observed motion of Mars very well.Finally, a German mathematician named Johannes Kepler published a complete theory of the motion of the planets in 1619. He had carefully studied the motion of Mars for many years.Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets do not move in circular orbits around the sun. Instead, they travel in flattened orbits called ellipses. Mars elliptical orbit is the cause of its unusual brightening this year and its apparent large size.During the next several weeks, you can see for yourself why the mysterious motion of Mars has caused so many people to wonder.(1) From the passage we can learn that .Athe sun and planets generally travel westwardBKepler studied the orbit of the planets in 1619CCopernicus theory well explained the motion of MarsDthe Earths turning motion causes the sun to rise in the east(2) On July 19th Mars .Awill pass the “opposition” Bappears to change its direction againCwill begin to move westward Dappears to change its orbit again(3) Why does Mars appear to be bigger and brighter when it passes “opposition”?AIt is overtaking the earth. BIt follows the path of the sun.CIt moves in an elliptical orbit. DIt travels in a circular orbit.(4) What is the best title for the passage?AThe Recent Research into Mars BThe Surprising Motion of MarsCThe Great Discovery on Mars DThe Wonderful Mystery of Mars【文章大意】本文属于科普性质的文章，主要说了行星令人惊奇的运动。(1) D【解析】细节推断题。根据第三段最后两句话“But this is caused by the turning motion of the EarthPlanets generally move from west to east”可推断出答案选D。(2) B【解析】考查文章细节的问题。根据第四段“Mars began its backward，or west-ward，motion on May 11thIt will start moving eastward again on July 19th”可知道答案选B。(3) C【解析】文章细节问题。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句话“Marselliptical orbit is the cause of its unusual brightening this year and its apparent large size”可知答案选C。(4) B【解析】考查文章主旨大意。文章第一段就点出了文章的主题：行星令人惊奇的运动。Every human being has a unique arrangement of the skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable. Scientists and experts have proved the uniqueness of finger-prints and discovered that no exactly similar pattern is passed on from parents to children, though nobody knows why this is the case.The ridge(指纹) structure on a persons fingers does not change with growth and is not affected by surface injuries. Burns, cuts and other damage to the outer part of the skin will be replaced in time by new one, which bears a reproduction of the original pattern. It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be destroyed. Some criminals make use of this fact to remove their own finger-prints but this is a dangerous and rare step to take.Finger-prints can be made very easily with printers ink. They can be recorded easily. With special methods, identification can be achieved successfully within a short time. Because of the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case. A suspected man may deny a charge but this may be in vain. His finger-prints can prove who he is even if his appearance has been changed by age or accident.When a suspect leaves finger-prints behind at the scene of a crime, they are difficult to detect with the naked eye. Special techniques are used to “develop” them. Some of the marks found are incomplete but identification is possible if a print of a quarter of an inch square can be obtained.(1) Scientists and experts have proved that the pattern of a human beings finger skin _.A. is similar to his mothersB. is valuable to himself onlyC. is like that of others with the same type of bloodD. is different from that of all others(2) If your fingers are wounded by knife, fire or other means, the structure of skin will _.A. be changed partly B. be replaced by a different oneC. be the same when the wound is recovered D. become ugly(3) Some criminals remove their own finger-prints by _.A. using printers ink B. injuring the inner skinC. damaging the outer skin D. damaging the colour(4) Finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case because it _.A. is complicated but reliable B. is simple and not expensiveC. is expensive but easy to do D. can bring a lot of money【文章大意】指纹是每个人所特有的。没有任何两个人的指纹是一模一样的。指纹不会随着成长而改 Remember how great exercise was when you were a little kid? Back then, racing around the playground or skipping rope for hours, you werent thinking fitness, you were thinking entertainment. But in this age of high-tech home equipment and underused gym memberships, the simple joy of jumping rope has been forgotten. Rediscovering it will give you a total-body exercise you can find.Although considered an excellent form of exercise, jumping rope has never gained widespread acceptance because of two fundamental reasons. First, most people recognize jumping rope as an excellent form of cardiovascular (心血管的) exercise, but they also believe that it is simply too difficult. In other words, they dont think theyll be able to continue jumping for the near 20 minutes that it takes to achieve a beneficial physical outcome. Second, many view it as somewhat boring and overly repetitivenot as something fun or enjoyable.As a matter of fact, jumping rope can be great fun if you find a proper way to practice it. Instead of doing the usual two-foot bounce over and over again, people good at rope-jumping often change their pattern every 10 or 20 jumps. A single bounce, a doublebounce, a skip, a knee-up, side swings, as well as a variety of other easy-to-learn free-style rope-jumping.Now researchers are learning that jumping rope also prepares the brain for learning. It is an exercise allowing both brain hemispheres to perform in parallel to each other. In short , jumping rope can be a life-long activity requiring little equipment, time and space, yet leading to a much healthier life.(1) From the first paragraph we learn that .Ajumping rope has faded from peoples memoriesBpeople now have more advanced equipmentCracing around the playground was preferredDpeople now like to have exercise in a gym(2) Rope jumping has not spread widely because .Ait benefits the cardiovascular systemBit is neither easy nor enjoyableCit is considered boring and repetitiveDit requires little equipment, time and space(3) The first sentence in the 3rd paragraph implies .Athere is only one proper way to follow Bthe usual way should not be usedCthe easiest way is always the best Dthere are many ways to follow(4) According to the researchers , jumping rope .Aonly prepares the brain for learningBis suitable for students onlyChelps both brain hemispheres work togetherDcan be dangerous for old people(5) What is the authors attitude towards rope jumping?AHe is arguing against it. BHe is in favor of it.CHe is sitting on the fence of it. DHe is not clear about it.【文章大意】本文介绍了跳绳的许多好处，并分析了跳绳运动得不到推广的原因。(1) A【解析】考查细节理解。由本文第一段倒数第二句“But in this age of high-tech home equipment and underused gym memberships, the simple joy of jumping rope has been forgotten”可知跳绳已经慢慢地从人们的记忆中淡去。(2) B【解析】考查细节理解。从第二段中“it is simply too difficult”和“not as something fun or enjoyable”可知答案选B。(3) D【解析】考查细节理解。由第三段中可知跳绳的花样很多，你可以two-foot bounce，A single bounce，a double-bounce，a skip，a knee-up，side swings，可知有许多方式可以跳。(4) C【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中“It is an exercise allowing both brain hemispheres to perform in parallel to each other”可知：可以使两个大脑半球同时工作。(5) B【解析】考查主旨大意。从作者介绍跳绳的好处可以看出作者支持跳绳运动。Children become more generous as they get older, learning the principles of equality by the age of eight, That may not be too surprising to anyone who has kids.Humans are born with a sense of fairness that most other animals seem not to share, but its not been clear exactly when this concept starts to develop.Dr. Alva Zhao and her colleagues conducted a series of tests to measure just how much children care about equality at different ages, In three different versions of a game, children were asked to choose between two ways of sharing a number of sweets with themselves and an unfamiliar partner, They could choose, for example, between one for and one for you, or just having one for themselves.At the age of three, children were“almost completely selfish”, says Zhao, They refused to give sweets away even if it made no difference to themselves, But by the age of eight, children generally preferred the fair option, sharing a prize equally rather than keeping it all to themselves,Several other factors influenced how fair the children were, The team found that children without brothers or sisters were 28% more likely to share than children with brothers or sisters, On the other hand, the youngest children in a family were 17% less willing to share than children who had only younger brother or sister.In addition, if children knew that their partner was from the same playgroup or school, they were more concerned about being fair, This suggests that being nice to people you know is something that develops a sense of equality.(1) The main idea of the first paragraph is .A. parents know clearly when their kids are more willing to shareB. the kids willingness of sharing is learned from their familyC. the older the kids are, the more selfish they will becomeD. kids become more generous when they reach a certain age(2) The tests conducted by Dr. Alva Zhao and her colleagues were aimed at .A. how kids develop a quality of fairness in gamesB. childrens awareness of equality at different agesC. the reasons why children care about equalityD. childrens attitudes towards other partners(3) Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? .A. Children under three know little about being fairB. Children above eight years old become less selfishC. Children with brothers or sisters tend to be more generousD. The youngest child in a family tends to be less generous(4) We can learn that children care more about equality while with .A. unknown people B. nice people C. familiar people D. fair people【文章大意】文章介绍人类天生的一种特性力求公平，研究人员通过实验发现三岁时小孩完全自私，到了一定年龄就逐步显露出与人分享的天性。(1) D【解析】归纳段落大意题。第一句话即该段的主题句：孩子到了一定年龄(8岁)后就变得更加慷慨大方。(2) B【解析】细节把握题。根据第三段第一句话“Dr. Alva Zhao and her colleagues conducted a series of test to measure just how much children care about quality at different ages”可以推断Alva博士和她的助手进行测试的目的在于了解孩子在不同年龄对平等意识的表现程度。(3) CMalaria, the worlds most widespread parasitic (寄生虫引起的)disease, kills as many as three million people every year - almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbers are difficult to assess because many people dont (or cant) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long.Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often, headaches. As the parasites multiply, they take over the entire body. Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect (感染) .They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain. If it doesnt kill you, malaria can happen again and again for years. The disease is passed on to humans by female mosquitoes infected with one of four species of a parasite. Together, the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly couple in the history of the earth and one of the most successful. Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control. Studies show that mosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently, and there are more outbreaks in cities with large populations. Some of the diseases spread is due to global warming.For decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine, a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, malaria parasites have become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs should fail, nobody knows what would come next.1. According to paragraph I, many people dont seek care because .A. they are too poorB. it is unusual to seek careC. they can remain unaffected for longD. there are too many people suffering from the disease2. People suffering from malaria .A. have to kill female mosquitoesB. have ability to defend parasitesC. have their red blood cells infectedD. have sudden fever, followed by chills3. Which of the following may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease?A. Its resistance to global warming.B. Its ability to pass on the virus frequently.C. Its outbreaks in cities with large populations.D. Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs.4. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. no drugs have been found to treat the diseaseB. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most peopleC. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasitesD. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease5. Which of the following questions has NOT been discussed in the passage?A. How can we know one is suffering from malaria?B. How many people are killed by malaria each year?C. Why are there so many people suffering from malaria?D. What has been done to keep people unaffected for long?导读 这是一篇介绍医学科普常识的说明文。本文主要介绍疟疾病的起因、传播、危害与治疗。疟疾（Malaria）是世界上传播最广泛的寄生虫引起的病，每年都要使三百万人致命几乎全是5岁以下的孩子，并且是贫穷的非洲人。疟疾病本身有很多基因，对于各种新药物具有抵抗性，所以目前还没有找到根治疟疾病的最佳治疗方法和药物。Keys:ACDBD1. A。细节事实理解题。见第1段第2-3句：. because many people dont (or cant) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria available, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. 一些成功的可供选择的化学药品在阻止疟疾的这种抵抗力方面已经出现效用，但是这些可供选择的化学药品非常短缺，并且昂贵，因此大多数人不容易得到可供选择的治疗。5. D。细节事实理解题。A项见第2段第1句：Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often, headaches；B项见第1段第1句：. kills as many as three million people every year almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African.；C项见第2段第3句：Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control.；又见第1段第2句：. because many people dont (or cant) seek care.；D项没有提到。Clay is found almost everywhere in the worldIt is formed by the action of wind and water on rocks over thousands of yearsClay is important because it is used around the world to make containers of all kindsPotters(陶工)add water to soften the clay，making it easier to form into shapes by hand or by ma-Clay is found almost everywhere in the world. It is formed by the action of wind and water on rocks over thousands of years. The rocks change in both chemical and physical ways. Chemically, elements like potassium and aluminum are added and taken away. Physically, the rocks break down into smaller and smaller pieces. After a long time, some of the rock changes to clay.Clay is important because it is used around the world to make containers of all kinds. Potters add water to soften the clay. This makes it easier to form into shapes by hand or by machine. Then it is fired in an extremely hot stove. The result is a container with a hard surface that will last for many years.In many countries, clay was formed from volcanoes. This kind of clay usually contains many minerals. So the fires to make containers from volcanic clay must be hotter than those used for non-volcanic clay. The fires may be as hot as one