江苏省淮安中学II部2020高三英语语法专题复习 九、时态和语态

九、动词时态和语态（一）动词时态I. 知识重点1 了解动词的16种时态。2 重点掌握一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时等10种时态的基本形式和基本用法。3 特别要理解各时态的时间概念。II知识呈现116种时态一览表（以do为例）动作时间一般完成进行完成进行现在一般现在时I do现在完成时I have done现在进行时I am doing现在完成进行时I have been doing过去一般过去时I did过去完成时I had done过去进行时I was doing过去完成进行时I had been doing将来一般将来时I shall/will do将来完成时I shall/willhave done将来进行时I shall/willbe doing将来完成进行时I shall/will havebeen doing过去将来过去将来时I should do过去将来完成时I shouldhave done过去将来进行时I shouldbe doing过去将来完成进行时I should havebeen doing2. 8 种时态的基本用法时态基本用法例句一般现在时一般现在时表示经常或习惯的动作、状态或现状。常与always,sometimes, often, usually,every day, on Sundays, seldom等时间状语连用。How old are you?He goes to school by bus every day.I like playing football on Sundays.She seldom comes here.表示客观事实、普遍真理或科学事实Beijing is the capital of China.The sun rises in the east.Two and three makes five.Water boils at 100.表示格言、警句或俗语A friend in need is a friend indeed.All that glitters is not gold.It is more blessed to give than to receive.表示将来按计划确定会发生的动作，可以用表示未来的时间状语。常用的动词有go, come, leave, arrive, sail, start, begin, end, stop, open, close等。They leave Shangghai tomorrow afternoon.When do you start?He goes to the library at 9:00.在某些时间状语从句和条件状语从句里，常用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情。I shall start after he comes.Ill tell her the news as soon as she comes back.Before you leave the classroom, youd betterturn off the light. 在某些以here, there开头的句子中，用一般现在时，表示现在正在发生的动作。Here comes the bus!There goes the bell!一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。I bought a dictionary yesterday.He didnt want to come see me.There was a car accident in the highway.一般将来时表示将来发生的动作和情况shall/will+动词原形I shall go to Beijing next week.Youll be late for school.Hell visit us this afternoon.表示将来的其他结构be going to +动词原形（表示主语事先经过考虑“打算做某事”）Im going to see a film after lunch.Are you going to attend the meeting?Its going to rain.You are going to have a cold.be to +动词原形（表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作）We are to go fishing tomorrow.He is to do his work tonight.The project is to be finished in September.Amy is to study English.be about to +动词原形（表示即将做某事）We are about to play football.Im about to try it again.The girl is about to go there by bike.现在进行时表示此时此刻或现价段正在发生的的动作或存在的状态We are having lunch now.He is doing his homework.They are waiting for Mr Brown.表示最近或较近的将来，按计划或即将发生的动作，可以用表示未来的时间状语。常用动词有come, go, start, leave等。有“安排”“打算”的含义。We are leaving for Beijing this evening.He is giving us a lecture on Monday.表示一种尚未完结的渐变过程Its becoming warmer and warmer.He is realizing he is wrong.与always, constantly, all the time, for ever等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯的动作，同时也可表示说话人对某种行为不满的一种情绪。The boy is always crying in the midnight.They are constantly complaining their work.过去进行时表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。He was doing his homework at eight oclock last night.What were you doing at this time last night?I was reading when my mother came back.表示过去某段时间内一直在进行的动作。He was waiting for you yesterday.We were reading yesterday afternoon.She was staying in Shanghai in those days.与现在进行时一样，可表示说话人对某种行为不满的一种情绪，与always, constantly, forever等连用。The boy was always boasting.They were constantly complaining their work.现在完成时 表示过去发生或完成的动作对现在产生影响。We have read this book.He has had breakfast.表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态，通常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用The Browns have lived here for ten years.He has studied in the school since 2000.过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态。（过去的过去）这一动作可以是一直持续到过去这一时刻或继续持续下去。We had never read this kind of book before.He had been a worker before he entered this college.I hadnt waited long before he came.用于某些宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句时，从句表示在主句以前发生的动作，主句通常用过去时态。They asked if I had turned off the night.I explained what had happened.As soon as she had done it, she knew it was a mistake.I decided to visit that small town where my family had lived.过去将来时从过去某时看来，将要发生的动作或状态。常用于宾语从句，尤其是间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时。should/would+动词原形She said she would go abroad the next year.They said they would not have a meeting.表过去将来的其他几种结构was about to + 动词原形He was about to watch TV whenHis mother came in.We were about to have a party.was going to +动词原形Amy told me she was going to buy a computer.Were you going to see a doctor?was to +动词原形They were to go shopping.He said he was to do his work the next day.3. 几种时态的区别对比时态说明例句过去进行时一般过去时过去进行时强调过去某个时刻正在进行的动作；一般过去时强调过去完成的动作。They were playing football yesterday.他们昨天在踢足球。They played football yesterday.他们昨天踢了场足球。He was watching TV last night.昨天晚上他在看电视。He watched TV last night.昨天晚上他看电视了。现在完成时一般过去时现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只强调过去发生的一个单独的动作，不涉及对现在的影响。She has finished her homework.她已经完成了作业。She finished her homework.她完成了作业。现在完成时现在完成进行时现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性。The boy has played thepiano for two hours.这个男孩已经弹了两个小时的钢琴。The boy has been playing the piano.这个男孩一直在弹钢琴。（二）动词语态I知识重点1 了解主动语态与被动语态的区别。2 重点掌握被动语态的基本结构和基本用法。3 区分被动语态和系表结构。4 主动形式表示被动含义。II知识呈现1 主动语态与被动语态项目说明例句主动语态与被动语态的比较主动语态句子的主语是谓语动作的发出者They play football every Sunday.We built a new hospital last year.He is reading a novel now.She has made great progress.She said she would go to Beijing.They will come here tomorrow.被动语态句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者Football is played all over the world.A new hospital was built last year.Amy will be invited to the party.This car has been repaired .I was told that she would go to Beijing.项目说明例句主动语态变被动语态的方法主语+谓语+宾语：主动句的宾语作被动句的主语；主动句的谓语变为被动形式；如果要强调动作的发出者，再在句末加上“by+主语”He writes the book.The book is written by him.主语+谓语+宾语(人)+宾语（物）：通常将主动句的宾语(人)作被动句的主语；主动句的谓语变为被动形式；宾语（物）直接放在动词后My mother gave me a sweater. I was given a sweater.A sweater was given to me.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补：主动句的宾语作被动句的主语；主动句的谓语变为被动形式；宾补直接放在动词后We found him to be brave. He was found to be brave.主动语态变被动语态的注意事项时态应保持不变He told her a long story. She was told a long story.一般接物动词可构成被动语态，不接物动词不能构成被动语态。但某些不接物动词加介词或副词构成固定短语，若其后有宾语可用被动语态。She is dancing.She is listening to me.I am being listened to.主动句的主语是代词时，变为被动语态时在介词后面应用宾格；若主动句的宾语是代词时，变为被动句做主语时要用主格形式He gave her a book.She was given a book .by him.项目说明例句主动语态表示被动意义某些系动词，如look,seem ,appear,smell, feel, sound,taste等It sounds good.The bread smells nice.The silk feels soft.某些不接物动词，如write, wash, draw, cook, burn, sell等，常与well,easily, smoothly等副词连用The pen writes smoothly.The cloth washes well.This book sells well.某些不接物动词，如move, open, lock, shut等，与cant, wont连用， 其中wont(最佳)The door cant open.The car cant move.The window cant shut.动词want, need, require, be worth等后面加现在分词The house wants painting.My car needs repairing.This book is worth reading.有些动词，如cook, print等，常用主动结构的进行时态表示被动意义The dinner was cooking.The picture was printing.2.被动语态的基本结构一般完成进行现在一般现在时am/is/ are+过去分词现在完成时has/have been+过去分词现在进行时am/is/ are being+过去分词过去一般过去时was/ were+过去分词过去完成时had been+过去分词过去进行时was/were being+过去分词将来一般将来时shall/will be+过去分词-过去将来一般过去将来时would be+过去分词-情态动词的被动语态情态动词(can, must) be+过去分词3被动语态的基本用法基本用法例句不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时Printing was introduced into Europe from China.The bridge was built 500 years ago.His wallet was stolen yesterday.需要强调或侧重动作的承受者时He is respected by all of us.She is elected president of our press.有些动作习惯使用被动语态He was born in 1998.It was said that the sports meeting would be put off because of the bad weather.4.被动语态与系表结构的主要区别被动语态系表结构例句表示动作表示状态The glass was broken by Tom.（被动语态）The glass is broken.（系表结构）可用于多种时态只用于一般现在时和一般过去时The TV was repaired.（一般过去时，被动语态）The TV will be repaired tomorrow. (一般将来时，被动语态）She is interested in that film.（一般现在时，系表结构）She was interested in that film.（一般过去时，系表结构）可以用much修饰过去分词可以用very修饰过去分词We are much agitated by this book.我们被这本书鼓舞了。（被动语态）The girl is very interested in this book.这个女孩对这本书感兴趣。（系表结构）可以跟by短语不可以跟by短语The dress was made by my mother.这条裙子是我妈妈做的。（被动语态）The man was excited at hearing the news.那个男的听到这个消息很激动。（系表结构）III高考真题1. (07全国I) I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _ there several years ago.A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been2. (07全国I) The flowers were so lovely that they _ in no time.A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell3. (07全国II) -Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.-Oh, nothing much. In fact, I _ of my friends back home.A. have just thoughtB. was just thinking C. would just think D. will just be thinking4. (07全国II) -Tom, you didnt come to the party last night?-I _, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.A. had to B. didnt C. was going toD. wouldnt5. (07北京) -How can I apply for an online course?-Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do for you.A. see B. are seeing C. have seen D. will see6. (07北京) I got caught in the rain and my suit_.A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined7. (07北京) -It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.-Oh, dont mention it. I _past your house anyway.A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come8. (07天津）If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology.A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered9.(07重庆) -Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?-Yes, he did. He _ his old friends for a long time.A. didnt see B. wouldnt see C. hasnt seenD. hadnt seen10.(07重庆) Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) _ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. A. is said to be buying B. is said to have boughtC. had said to buy D. has said to have bought11.(07重庆) When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone. Where_？A. did you go B. have you goneC. were you D. had you been12.(07福建) -I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.-Impossible. She TV with me in my home then.A. watchedB. had watchedC. would watchD. was watching13.(07福建) Danny hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A. works B. is working C. has workedD. worked14.(07四川) When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what _ .A. ave marked B. have been marked C.had marked D.had been marked15.(07四川) -Did you see a man in black pass by just now?-No, sir. I _ a newspaper.A. read B. was reading C. would read D. am reading16.(07陕西) I there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.A. would beB. have beenC. had beenD. will be17.(07浙江)- Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.- _? Thats his third one in just one month.A. Had he B. Did he C. Does he D. Has he18.(07浙江) Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet.A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided19.(07浙江) The play had already been on for quite some time when we _ at the New Theatre. A. have arrived B. arrived C. had arrived D. arrive20.(07湖南)As the years passed, many occasionsbirthdays, awards, graduations_ with Dads flowers.A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked21.(07湖南) We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been22.(07湖南) Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _ English for a year.A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying23.(07江西) -I have got a headache.-No wonder. You in front of that computer too long.A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked24.(07江西) -Ouch! You hurt me!-I am sorry. But I any harm. I to drive a rat out.A. didnt mean; tried B. dont mean; am tryingC. havent meant; tried D. didnt mean; was trying25.(07安徽) They became friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other fornearly two years.A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. haven t spoken D. haven t been speaking26.(07江苏) At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement _.A. has been reachedB. had been reached C. has reachedD. had reached27.(07江苏) - _ you _ him around the museum yet?- Yes. We had a great time there.A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show C. Had ; show D. Did ; show28.（06江苏）- I dont suppose the police know who did it.- Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _ now.A. has been questioned B. is being questioned C. is questioning D. has questioned29.（06江苏）Although medical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.A. achieved B. has achievedC. will achieve D. had achieved30. (08重庆)Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.A. have damaged B. are damaging C. damaged D. will damaged31.（09四川）You speak very good French!Thanks. I _ French in Sichuan University for four years.A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied32.（09江苏）- Ann is in hospital.- Oh, really? I _ know. I _ go and visit her.A. didnt; am going to B. dont; would C. dont; will D. didnt; will33.（09江苏）- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?- Sorry. .A. It s repaired B. It has been repaired C. Its being repaired D. It had been repaired34.（09全国I ）His sister left home in 1998, and since.A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard ofC .had not heard of D .has not heard of35.（09全国I ）Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.A. didnt know B. hadnt known C. dont know D. havent known36.（09福建）Why does the Lake smell terrible?Because large quantities of water .A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted37.（09福建卷）According to the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays.A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes38.（09湖南）When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere.A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open39.（09浙江）Over the past decades, sea ice in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A. had decreased B. decreased C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing40.（09浙江）What do you think of the movie?Its fantastic. The only pity is that I the beginning of it.A missed B had missed C miss D would miss41.(09全国）Progress_so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be42.（09重庆）She stared at the painting ,wondering where she _it.A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen43.（09重庆）Ive got to go now.Must you ? I _you could stay for dinner with us.A. think B. thought C. have thought D. am thinking44.（09重庆）Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future _to the well-educated.A. belongs B. is belonged C. is belonging D. will be belonged45.（09天津）My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live46.（09北京）Scientists have many theories about how the universe _ into being.A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come47.（09北京）For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow48.（09北京）When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we _ up, her voice had been full of life.A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang49.（09北京）John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather _ with them to school. A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take50.(09湖南）Would you please keep silent? The weather report and I want to listen.A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast51.（09湖南） The food here is nice enough. My friend _ me a right place.A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing52.（09江西）- What is the price of petrol these days-Oh, it _ sharply since last month.A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased53.（09江西）-Do you want a lift home?-Its very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I overslept this morningbecause my alarm clock _.A. doesnt go off B. wont go off C. wasnt going off D. didnt go off54.（09辽宁）Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair _ all day. Could you speak to her now? A. phones B. has phonedC. has been phoning D. phoned55.（09辽宁）My parents have promised to come to see me before I for Africa.A have left