（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业 专题16 阅读理解（学）

（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业 专题16 阅读理解（学）新课标考纲要求：要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。新课标要求： 1能识别不同文体的特征；2能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句；3能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度；4能根据学习任务的需要从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理；5能在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品；6除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到30万词以上。阅读理解的能力要求主要包括如下几方面：（1）读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节（包括根据上下文推断生词的词义）;（2）既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念; （3）既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等; （4）既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断; （5）既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这五项要求，可将阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型：一、细节理解型文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例极少。（2）语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上从分运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另类表达。属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。（3）语意理解型。这是一类深层事实细节理解题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。属于较高难度的事实细节题，分数比例很大。（4）是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”（三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。（5）事实排序型。这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。A. 细节理解题主要设问的方式有：(1) Which of the following statements is True (Not True)?(2) Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed) in the passage?(3) What is the reason that ?(4) What do we know about?(5) How did the people know the couples problem?(6) Wy was the bike so important to the couple?B. 细节理解题主要的答题策略有：（1）细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的：段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。（2）变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。（3）多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。此外，在答题过程中，要学会分析干扰选项的特点：. 是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；. 符合常识，但不符合原文内容；. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；. 选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误；. 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。【例1】Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病), Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage, blindness, and even death. And if that werent bad enough, he had no health insurance.After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. He left Canton, Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar, and created diabeticrockstar. com, a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories, information, and resources. Jason Swenckis son, Kody, was diagnosed with type diabetes at six. Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛) together most evenings. Kody gets so excited, writing to kids from all over, says Swencki, one of the sites volunteers. They know what hes going through, so he doesnt feel alone. Kody is anything but alone: Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, with 24 million diagnosed cases. And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages. These days, Thomass main focus is his charity（慈善机构）, Fight It, which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to datewho cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. Fight-it. org has raised about $23,000in products and in cash. In May, Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean. Even with a staff of 22 volunteers, Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause, while still doing his full-time job waiting tables. Of the diabetes charities out there, most are putting money into finding a cure, says Bentley Gubar, one of Rockstars original members. But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now. 56. Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?A. He needs to go to the doctor every day. B. He studies the leading cause of diabetesC. He has a positive attitude to this disease. D. He encourages diabetics by writing articles.【解析】C 细节理解题。通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确。A项与Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life不符；B项与文中的Thomas开办网站，与病人及其家属分享有关的信息和资源不符；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他的志愿工作才是运作Fight It 这个慈善机构。57. Diabeitcrockstar. com was created for _.A. diabetics to communicate B. volunteers to find jobsC. children to amuse themselves D. rock stars to share resources.【解析】A 细节理解题。根据a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories, information, and resources可知A项正确。58. According to the text, Kody _.A. feel lonely because of his illness B. benefits from diabeticrockstar. comC. helps create the online kids forums D. writes childrens stories online【解析】B细节理解题。根据Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛) together most evenings. Kody gets so excited, writing to kids from all over, says Swencki, one of the sites volunteers. They know what hes going through, so he doesnt feel alone. 可知B项正确。59. What can we learn about Fight It?A. It helps the diabetics in financial difficulties. B. It organizes parties for volunteer once a year.C. It offers less expensive medicine to diabetics. D. It owns a well-known medical website.【解析】A细节理解题。根据Fight It, which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to datewho cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. Fight-it. org has raised about $23,000in products and in cash. 可知A项正确。二、主旨大意型每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨要义型题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章的开头或结尾，从而找出能概括文章的主题句。主题句的特点：（1）语言特点：归纳性、概括性、抽象性；（2）位置特点：主题句常出现在“总结性”语言的“信号词”后，如：in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等；主题句常出现在“转移话题式”语言的“信号词”后，如：but, however, nevertheless,Hence等。标题的语言特点：独特新颖、概括性强、短小精炼。标题是文章中心思想的精练表达,多为一个名词词组，短小明了,函盖性强做这类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。干扰项的命题特点：. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。 . 无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。A主旨大意主要的设题方式有两类：文章的中心思想和文章标题的选择。B主旨大意主要的解题策略有：(1) 抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨。找准主题句是关键。主题句通常在文章开头，而主题句有可能在一段的开头，也有可能在中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可帮助你迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。（2）抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。(3) 抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。【例2】（节选自文章第一段和最后一段）People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.-In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.70. What can be the best title for the passage?A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul B. Cultural Differences in Reading EmotionsC. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding【解析】B最佳标题题。文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为B。【例3】（2020年全国卷II B篇-节选自文章第一段和第二段）When youre lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(压力) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!Here lies the problem for travel writer and tood critic(评论家),Edie Jarolim “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things,” Jarolim said. Now you can read her travel advice everywhere in Arts and Antiques, in Brides, or in one of her there books, The Complate Idiots Travel Guide to Mexican Beach Resarts.49. What would be the best title for the text?AAdventures in Travel Writing BWorking as a Food CriticCTravel Guides on the Market DVacationing for a Living【解析】D最佳标题题。本文描述了一个很普遍的谋生问题：谋生在Jarolim身上既是度假休闲，又是写作和评论的源泉。这是一篇展示生活的文章。提示在文章第一段结尾句 “Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!”和第二段第二句 “but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things,”说明了没有想到“度假也可以谋生”的欣喜之情。【例4】（2020年辽宁卷C篇-节选自文章第一段）Too much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.67. What would be the best title for this text?A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on ChildrenC. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Childrens Learning Habits【解析】B最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，所以B项作为标题是最佳的。【例5】（节选自文章最后两段）Suddenly, out of the corner of his eyes, he spotted a small dam used by Mr. Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden. Off his bike and into the cool water he lived, disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects. After holding his breath for as long as he could, Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone. Dragging himself out of the dam, he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell. Mrs. Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.“Youll really need that fishing break to help you recover,” laughed his mother with relief. “Thank goodness you didnt panic!” But Andy did not hear her. He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow.59. Which of the following can best describe Andys escape from the bees?A. No pains, no gains. B. Once bitten, twice shy.C. Where there is a will, there is a way. D. In time of danger, ones mind works fast.【解析】D主旨大意题。本文讲述了主人公Andy在上学途中遭遇蜂群攻击, 急中生智, 躲入水中避险成功的故事。根据最后一段第二句Andy妈妈的话“Thank goodness you didnt panic（谢天谢地你没有慌神）”可知，情急之下Andy仍然成功想到办法脱险，再综合A. B. C. D四个选项的意思, 可以判断出D选项。【例6】（节选自文章最后一段）We often dont remember things as well when were trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget peoples names-even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.52. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved. D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.【解析】B主旨大意题。本文是一篇科普文章，讨论“多重任务处理（multitasking）”即“一心多用”导致工作效率低下的科学原理。根据文章第一段的最后两行，可知本文主要讲的是同时做多个项目会降低工作效率。三、词义猜测型历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阕读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。A词义猜测主要的设题方式有： （1）The underlined words took off in paragraph 2 mean _.（2）What does the underlined word them in the last paragraph refer to?（3）The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_.（4）Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word exotic in the third paragraph?（5）The underlined phrase turn his back on (paragraph 6) most probably mean _.（6）By saying We need them yesterday (paragraph 7),Stover means that snakelike robots _.B词义猜测主要的解题策略有：（1）依据标点符号猜测词义。标点符号是词义猜测的最直接，最简单的信号词。比如，破折号（ - ）、冒号 ( ： ) 常常起解释说明的功能，引号（）和（ ( ) ）有时也起到相同的作用。（2）依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。（3）依据下定义，作解释猜测词义。在说明文，科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是文章写作的又一特点。在写作方法上常采用先总后分（即先定义后解释）或先分后总（即先说明后结论）的叙述方式。常用的定义信号词有： be defined as/be termed( 被定义为 ) ，be called ( 被称为 ) ， mean/ refer to/be( 意指，是 ) 。（4）依据逻辑推理猜测词义。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系，同位关系，对比关系，转折关系等。此外，考生还可以依据词性变化和词义变化 ( 词义引申 )来猜测词义。【例7】Morning noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house-the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.A. likes hunting B. is afraid of hens C .loves his wife D .is afraid of his wife问题：The underlined words henpecked husband. probably means a man who _.【解析】D依据标点符号猜测词义。破折号 - - 起进一步解释说明的作用。由句前信息 他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外可知他是一个怕老婆的人，因此选择 D 项。【例8】They were no longer passively waiting for the bell, but actively took park in the lesson.问题：The underlined words passively waiting for probably mean _.A. longing for a phone call B .hoping to have a bellC. expecting the end of the class D. wanting to speak in class【解析】C依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。but 分句 actively took park in the lesson(学生们积极上课) 与前句 They were no longer passively waiting for the bell 形成鲜明的对比，不难猜出答案 C （学生们不在被动地等待下课）是正确选项。【例9】 Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. Peoples food suppliers were similarly vulnerable .问题： The underlined word vulnerable means _.A. impossible to make sure of B. likely to be protected C. easy to damage D. difficult to find【解析】C运用逻辑上的类比关系猜测词义。在这段描写中，作者把 houses ，boats 和 food suppliers 放在一起比，说明它们的共同特点 easy to damage ，故选 C 项。【例10】I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment.问题：The underlined words clouded her judgment probably mean _.A. made her less trustful toward the doctor B. put her in control of her own feelingsC. made her less able to think clearly D. put her in a dangerous situation【解析】B运用 名词动化 猜测词义。此处 cloud 名词动化为把 .遮盖住，使 . 模糊不清 ，对于思维而言，就是不能清楚地思考，因此选 B 项。【例11】（-节选自文章第三段-）（Paragraph 3）However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.69. What does “the days” in Paragraph 3 refer to ?A. Imaginary life B. Simple life in the past.C. Times of inventions D. Time for constant activity.【解析】词义猜测题。本题是根据前后逻辑推理猜测词义。原句意义：（Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.） 也许, 我们静静聆听广播里的故事节目, 任想象插上翅膀肆意翱翔的日子, 已经一去不返了。根据前后一句可得知, 文章重点是说高速生活和简单生活的对比。故B项是对原文的正确解读。而A选项的理解有偏差, 重点转移了。四、推理判断型推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。A推理判断主要的设题方式有：（1）It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph) that（2）It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph) that（3）It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph) that（4）It implies that（5）Where would you most probably find this passage?（6）What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)? B推理判断主要的解题策略有：（1）根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1) to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers（告知读者某些信息）多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章。高考阅读试题设计到各类文章，而以议论文为主，文章的主题句、核心句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度立场；阅读理解中也有说明文、描述文。前者因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者的态度也往往采取中立。而后者因为其文章观点往往不直接提出，而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以，阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。（2）根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。如：1）表示褒义的词语：positive赞成的，supporting支持的，praising赞扬的，optimistic乐观的，admiring羡慕的，enthusiastic热情的等；2）表示中性的词语：uninterested无兴趣的，不感兴趣的； neutral中立的；impersonal不带个人感情的；subjective主观的；objective客观的等；3）表示贬义的词语：disgusted感到恶心的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative 否定的，反对的；suspicious怀疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍让的；worried 担忧的等。（3）根据写作思路，推断段落发展。不同的文体，写作思路和写作手法也不尽相同。做题时，要善于体会作者的写作思路，揣摩作者的谋篇布局，从宏观上左右文章的结构框架；同时，还要把握作者行文时所运用的修辞手段，如对比、举例、下定义等。通过梳理写作思路，明晰写作手法，即可对文章的发展作出比较科学合理的推断和预测。（4）根据事实细节，推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。【例12】My family and I lived across the street from Southway Park since I was four years old. Then just last year they city put a chain link fence around the park and started bulldozing (用推土机推平) the trees and grass to make way for a new apartment complex. When I saw the fence and bulldozers, I asked myself, “Why dont they just leave it alone?”Looking back, I think what sentenced the part to oblivion (别遗忘) was the drought (旱灾) we had about fou