高中英语Unit 2 The universal language--Section 2 Background information [ty]牛津版选修8

Unit 2 The universal languageSection 2 Background informationI. 张艺谋简介姓 名：张艺谋 出生日期：1951年11月14日 生 肖：兔 星 座：天蝎座籍 贯：陕西西安 职 业：导演、摄影师、演员 学 历：1982年毕业于北京电影学院摄影系1968年初中毕业后在陕西乾县农村插队劳动，后在陕西咸阳国棉八厂当工人。1978年入北京电影学院摄影系学习。1982年毕业后任广西电影制片厂摄影师。1985拍摄的黄土地获第五届中国电影金鸡奖最佳摄影奖，法国第七届南特三大洲国际电影节最佳摄影奖，第五届夏威夷国际电影节东方人柯达优秀制片技术奖。1987年主演影片老井，同年获第二届东京国际电影节最佳男演员奖。1988年获第八届中国电影金鸡奖最佳男主角奖、第十一届电影百花奖最佳男演员1991年导演影片大红灯笼高高挂，同年获意大利第四十八届威尼斯国际电影节银狮奖、国际影评人协会大奖、金格利造型特别奖、艾维拉诺塔莉特别奖。 1992年导演秋菊打官司，同年获意大利第四十九届威尼斯国际电影节金狮奖，1993年获广播电影电视部1992年优秀影片奖、荣誉奖。1998年导演影片一个也不能少，获中国电影华表奖优秀故事片奖和优秀导演奖；98年大学生电影节最佳故事片奖。1999年导演影片我的父亲母亲获第20届金鸡奖最佳故事片奖和最佳导演奖百花奖最佳故事片奖和最佳导演奖2002年导演的影片英雄居MSN年度十佳电影榜首2020年导演影片十面埋伏横扫第62届金星奖的6个大奖，包括最佳外语片奖、摄影、视觉效果、音响、美术指导以及服装设计奖。张艺谋获奖：1995年加拿大蒙特利尔国际电影节：全世界十大杰出导演之一1995年美国克罗拉多国际电影节：杰出成就奖1995年美国夏威夷国际电影节：终生成就奖1996年美国娱乐周刊被选为当代世界二十位大导演之一2000年德国柏林电影节：银熊奖2002年德国曼海姆-海德伯格电影节：“电影大师”奖2020年接连获得了两大奖项美国艺术导演协会杰出贡献奖和美国国家影评人协会奖最佳导演。II. The Forbidden City of China 紫禁城Lying at the center of Beijing, the Forbidden City, called Gu Gong, in Chinese, was the imperial palace during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Now known as the Palace Museum, it is to the north of Tiananmen Square. Rectangular in shape, it is the worlds largest palace complex and covers 74 hectares. Surrounded by a six meter deep moat and a ten meter high wall are 9,999 buildings. The wall has a gate on each side. Opposite the Tiananmen Gate, to the north is the Gate of Devine Might (Shenwumen), which faces Jingshan Park. The distance between these two gates is 960 meters, while the distance between the gates in the east and west walls is 750 meters. There are unique and delicately structured towers on each of the four corners of the curtain wall. These afford views over both the palace and the city outside. The Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The southern section, or the Outer Court was where the emperor exercised his supreme power over the nation. The northern section, or the Inner Court was where he lived with his royal family. Until 1924 when the last emperor of China was driven from the Inner Court, fourteen emperors of the Ming dynasty and ten emperors of the Qing dynasty had reigned here. Having been the imperial palace for some five centuries, it houses numerous rare treasures and curiosities. Listed by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage Site in 1987, the Palace Museum is now one of the most popular tourist attractions worldwide.Construction of the palace complex began in 1407, the 5th year of the Yongle reign of the third emperor of the Ming dynasty. It was completed fourteen years later in 1420. It was said that a million workers including one hundred thousand artisans were driven into the long-term hard labor. Stone needed was quarried from Fangshan, a suburb of Beijing. It was said a well was dug every fifty meters along the road in order to pour water onto the road in winter to slide huge stones on ice into the city. Huge amounts of timber and other materials were freighted from faraway provinces. Ancient Chinese people displayed their very considerable skills in building the Forbidden City.Since yellow is the symbol of the royal family, it is the dominant color in the Forbidden City. Roofs are built with yellow glazed tiles; decorations in the palace are painted yellow; even the bricks on the ground are made yellow by a special process. However, there is one exception. Wenyuange, the royal library, has a black roof. The reason is that it was believed black represented water then and could extinguish fire.Nowadays, the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum is open to tourists from home and abroad. Splendid painted decoration on these royal architectural wonders, the grand and deluxe halls, with their surprisingly magnificent treasures will certainly satisfy modern civilians.III. 爵士音乐最早的JAZZ MUSIC起源于十九世纪末二十世纪初，美国南部路易斯安那州的新奥尔良市的一些黑人社区里，至今已有将近一百年的历史。当时的黑人因为没有供自己娱乐的音乐，所以就用一些廉价的乐器模仿起白人社会里的交响乐乱吹打一通，这就是最早的JAZZ音乐的雏形了。The “Jas” 或者是 Creole brothel，被认为是这种新声的诞生地，该音乐也因此得名为“爵士” （Jazz）。 音乐特点：最早的爵士音乐融合了欧洲的古典音乐、军乐、流行音乐和舞曲，被称作“拉格泰姆”， 同时，欧洲教堂音乐、美国黑人小提琴和班卓传统音乐融合非洲吟唱及美国黑人劳动号子形成了最初的“民间蓝调”。“拉格泰姆”（ragtime）和“民间蓝调”（blues）构成了早期的爵士乐。我的网络。小人物，大博客z R Yna(xO%X/z. 尽管爵士音乐千变万化，它永远以即兴创作为核心，因此它总是一种代表自由的音乐形式。 乐队在保持一定韵律调性的基础上采用了有条理的即兴发挥。因为爵士乐将近一百年的发展历程是连续不断的。各种风格流派也有其相互的联系，大体来说可以划分为以下风格：Ragtime（拉格泰姆爵士） New Orleans（新奥尔良爵士）Standards（主流爵士乐） Classic（古典爵士） Dixieland（迪克西兰爵士） Cool Jazz（冷爵士或西海岸爵士） BigBand（大型乐队爵士） Swing（摇摆爵士） Bop（波普爵士） Latin（拉丁爵士） Brazilian Jazz（巴西爵士乐） Avant-Garde （前卫爵士） Post-Bop or Mainstream Jazz（后波普爵士或现代主流爵士） Third Stream（第三流派爵士） Hard Bop（硬波普爵士） Free Jazz（自由爵士） Fusion（融合爵士） Crossover Jazz（交叉风格爵士） Vocal Jazz（人声爵士）今天，几乎每一种爵士风格都活跃在舞台上。具有强烈持久生命力的爵士乐经过百年的演变和融合，早已突破了种族和国界的限制，爵士乐的主要舞台也从美国移向了欧洲并扩展至世界各地，成为一种世界性的音乐，并吸引了不同国度的众多爵士乐迷为之疯狂。IV. 猫王Elvis PresleyWhen Elvis Presley died on 16th August, 1977, radio and television programs all over the world were interrupted to give the news of his death. President Carter was asked to declare a day of national mourning. Carter said: Elvis Presley changed the face of American popular culture. He was unique and irreplaceable. Eighty thousand people attended his funeral. The streets were jammed with cars, and Elvis Presley films were shown on television, and his records were played on the radio all day. In the year after his death, one hundred million Presley LPs were sold.Elvis Presley was born on January 8th, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi. His twin brother, Jesse Garon, died at birth. His parents were very poor and Elvis never had music lessons, but he was surrounded by music from an early age. His parents were very religious, and Elvis regularly sang at church services. In 1948, when he was thirteen, his family moved to Memphis, Tennessee. He left school in 1953 and got a job as a truck driver. In the summer of 1953 Elvis paid four dollars and recorded two songs for his mothers birthday at Sam Phillips Sun Records studio. Sam Phillips heard Elvis and asked him to record “Thats All Right” in July 1954. Twenty thousand copies were sold, mainly in and around Memphis. He made five more records for Sun, and in July 1955 he met Colonel Tom Parker, who became his manager in November. Parker sold Elviss contract to RCA Records. Sun Records got thirty-five thousand dollars and Elvis got five thousand dollars. With the money he bought a pink Cadillac for his mother. On January 10th, 1956, Elvis recorded “Heartbreak Hotel”, and a million copies were sold. In the next fourteen months he made another fourteen records, and they were all big hits. In 1956 he also made his first film in Hollywood.In March, 1958, Elvis had to join the army. He wanted to be an ordinary soldier. When his hair was cut thousands of women cried. He spent the next two years in Germany, where he met Priscilla Beaulieu, who became his wife eight years later on May 1st, 1967. In 1960 he left the army and went to Hollywood where he made several films during the next few years.In 1972 his wife left him, and they were divorced in October, 1973. He died from a heart attack. He had been working too hard, and eating and drinking too much for several years. He left all his money to his only daughter, Lisa Marie Presley. She became one of the richest people in the world when she was only nine years old.V. Introduction of the BeatlesThe Beatles gave the 1960s its characteristic musical flavour and had a profound influence on the course of popular music, equaled by only a few performers. The band members John Winston Lennon. (Oct 9th 1940); James Paul McCartney (June 18th 1942); and George Harrison (Feb 25 1943) and the drummer Ringo Starr aka Richard Starkey (July 7th 1940) were all born and raised in Liverpool. Originally Lennon and McCartney had played together in a group called The Quarrymen. At a later date with Harrison, they formed their own group named The Silver Beatles, before Starr joined them in 1962 to form the Beatles as we know them today.As The Beatles, they developed a local following in Liverpool clubs (Cavern and Jaccaranda) and their first recordings, “Love Me Do” (1962) and “Please Please Me” (1963), quickly made them Britains top rock group.The release of “I Want to Hold Your Hand” in 1964 marked the beginning of the world phenomenon known as “Beatlemania” in the United States. The Beatles first U.S. tour aroused a universal mob adulation. Their concerts were scenes of mass worship, and their records sold in the millions. Their first film, the innovative A Hard Days Night (1964), was received enthusiastically by a wide audience that included many who had never before listened to rock music. Composing their own material (Lennon and McCartney were the major creative forces), the Beatles established the precedent for other rock groups to play their own music. Experimenting with new musical forms, they produced an extraordinary variety of songs: the childishly simple “Yellow Submarine”; the bitter social commentary of “Eleanor Rigby”; parodies of earlier pop styles; new electronic sounds; and compositions that were scored for cellos, violins, trumpets, and sitars, as well as for conventional guitars and drums.The group disbanded in 1970, after the release of their final album, Let It Be, to pursue individual careers. VI. Translation of reading图兰朵在北京简.琼斯昨天晚上，我去看了贾科莫.普契尼闻名世界的歌剧图兰朵，那是在中国北京紫禁城八场演出的首场。演出很精彩。几位世界顶级歌剧演唱家担当主演，许多杰出的中国音乐家、演员和歌手也参加了演出。普契尼是意大利人，他在1924年生命的最后时期创作了图兰朵。普契尼非常喜欢东亚，还创作了以日本为背景的蝴蝶夫人。图兰朵讲述的是一个冷酷心肠的中国公主图兰朵的故事。她住在北京紫禁城里，为了不出嫁，她说任何想要成为她丈夫的人必须猜中三道谜语，否则就要被处死。想想在紫禁城上演这出歌剧吧不可能有比这更好的场景了！你几乎可以感受到历史。天气对于户外演出来说也是绝佳的。覆盖着红色和金色的装饰镶板代替了舞台帷幕，传统的中国鼓敲响，宣告了歌剧的开场。故事开始时，一位王子因为猜不中图兰朵的谜语被处死。过后不久，另一位王子卡拉夫第一次见到图兰朵，并且爱上了她。英俊的王子说他将解开谜底，娶图兰朵为妻。接下来，卡拉夫父亲的年轻女仆柳儿在一段感人的独唱中倾诉了她对卡拉夫的爱。故事随后演绎了发生在卡拉夫、图兰朵和柳儿之间的经典三角恋情，其中，柳儿对卡拉夫的爱是无条件的。故事中，图兰朵醉心于权力。她甚至敢于尝试并且控制自己的父亲，即中国皇帝。他曾经允诺女儿由她自己选择丈夫。皇上为杀了这么多人而感到不安，虽然他很想收回这一允诺，但又不能食言。卡拉夫一一说中了图兰朵的谜语，然而这却让图兰朵非常苦恼。见此，卡拉夫说如果她能在太阳升起之前猜出他的名字，她就可以不嫁给他。图兰朵不顾一切地想知道卡拉夫的名字，她威胁恐吓柳儿，因为柳儿知道卡拉夫的名字。柳儿在受到折磨时，从一个卫兵手中夺过一把剑自刎。这一幕震惊了所有人。柳儿自刎后，卡拉夫吻了图兰朵，并且最终赢得了她的爱情。然后卡拉夫大声地说出了自己的名字，把自己的未来托付给图兰朵之手。歌剧在一段美妙的终曲二重唱中结束。这段二重唱非常感人，观众都陷入了沉默。在故事的结尾，王子和公主结婚了，整个紫禁城都在欢庆他们的幸福。不幸的是，普契尼还没有完成这最后一幕就去世了，但他为最后的二重唱留下了创作札记，他以前的一名学生佛朗哥阿尔法诺完成了这最后一场。在20世纪90年代，一家歌剧公司将这出歌剧搬上了北京的舞台，但我看的这次演出是图兰朵第一次在紫禁城里上演。这次演出结合了中西方最优秀的音乐、演艺及导演人才。管弦乐队由印度出生的国际知名指挥家祖宾梅塔指挥。歌剧由中国著名导演张艺谋执导。我观看的这场北京演出，图兰朵由美国的莎伦斯威特扮演,柳儿由美国另一名歌剧演唱家芭芭拉亨德里克斯扮演，卡拉夫则是来自冰岛的克里斯蒂安约翰松。他们都很优秀。紫禁城曾经是只有皇帝、皇室人员和官员才允许进入的地方，但是，在这次精彩演出中，它变成了一个美丽而令人心碎的爱情故事的发生地。来自许多国家的人员连袂合作，加上音乐和场景，这些显然构成这一令人惊叹的演出的关键要素。VII. Translation of project从爵士乐到流行乐西蒙史密斯早期爵士乐今天我的专