考研英语翻译常考句型详解.docx

2017考研英语复习指南考研英语翻译常考句型详解对于历年考研英语各题型的难度，五大题型中要数翻译最难。从近年来翻译得分情况来看：理想的平均成绩徘徊在5分-5.5分之间，成绩不理想的时候分数在3分-3.5分之间，由此我们得出结论：同学们在翻译这个题上处于劣势。考研翻译部分的总体要求是“译文准确、完整、通顺”，这与翻译的一般标准“忠实而通顺”是基本一致的。“准确、完整”就是要“忠实”于原文，把原文的内容完整而准确地表达出来，不能对原文做任意的增加或删减。“通顺”，指的是译文的语言要逻辑通顺，符合汉语的语言文字规范，没有明显的“翻译腔”。纵观往年英语一考研翻译试题，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较难和复杂的句子结构和文章的考查是加大比重了。这个体现在我们各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英译汉部分最为明显。这个也反映出我们的命题者在考虑到各位同学在进入研究生学习之后需要接触大量的专业英语材料，这些材料的特点就是语言结构比较复杂，所以在考研当中考查考生对复杂语言结构和复杂长难句的理解能力就成为了最近几年考试非常明显的特点和趋势。更多考研英语复习信息请登录逸仙中大考研网考研英语板块.英语二在形式和句式上，要求翻译150词左右的一个或几个段落，较英语一翻译五个划线句子，连贯性强，使得理解更容易;由于英语二的翻译部分属于段落翻译，而英语这门语言的在行文的上具有长短相间的特点，这便降低了英语二翻译部分整体上的难度，使得句式不像在英语一中那样，五句话句句长难句。在体裁上，考查考生理解所给英语材料并将其译成汉语的能力，内容上较为生活化，涉及很多生活领域中的知识，对于考生来说，更加易于理解和把握。在分值上，满分为15分，根据文章相关部分的具体情况分配。 相对于英语一翻译部分考察要求，主要在于表达方面。英语表述逻辑和汉语有差别，在翻译过程中进行语言转换时，需要借助翻译技巧。常见的句子翻译技巧很多，包括长句化短，语序的调整，被动语态以及各类从句的翻译等。考生们只需要满足大纲中提供的六字翻译标准，即“准确、完整、通顺”。如果说理解是在原文中选义的过程，那么表达就是在译文中选词的过程，即在译文中寻找最恰当的表达方法。对于历年考研英语各题型的难度，五大题型（完型、传统阅读、阅读新题型、翻译和写作）中要数翻译最难。从近年来翻译得分情况来看：理想的平均成绩徘徊在5分-5.5分之间，成绩不理想的时候分数在3分-3.5分之间，由此我们得出结论：同学们在翻译这个题上处于劣势。那么怎样才能使同学们在今后处理翻译题时转被动为主动，提高翻译成绩呢?只要做到以下几个步骤，考研翻译将会得到理想的分值。第一，掌握历年考研翻译常考词组和短语。这就要求大家至少要把近十年的真题中出现的（包括划线句子以及上下文中的）词组都认真总结一遍，进行重复性的记忆。在平时的复习备考中，考生应该有意识的系统复习总结最常考的语法点，包括时态、语态、从句、特殊句型、结构及用法、句子的完整性及一致性等，多分析长难句，在实际运用中检查和掌握基础的语法知识，提高实际英语应用水平，以不变应万变。另外，大家还需要对考研阅读文章里面的长难句进行一个重点的突破。长难句往往由于句子结构比较复杂、句子和句子之间的逻辑关系比较复杂，所以导致我们同学在读文章的时候很多时候造成了理解障碍，甚至理解错误，从而直接影响大家对题目的选择和判断。所以训练自身对于长难句句子结构的分析和解读能力是我们提高考研阅读做题正确率的根本保证。第二，掌握英、汉语言差异。考研的翻译是英译汉，即在一篇长度大约400个单词左右的文章中，划出五个句子，要求我们用准确的汉语翻译，即：原语言为英语，目标语言为汉语，所以我们一定要弄清楚英、汉语言差异，诸如汉语习惯用主动，英语习惯被动;汉语是动态语言善用动词词组，英语是静态语言善用介词词组和名词词组;汉语习惯用简短句子，英语习惯用复杂句等等，针对这些语言特点我们都要铭记于心，只有这样我们才能真正做到翻译的“信”、“达”、“雅”。 第三，总结历年常考句型及特殊结构，掌握翻译技巧。研究近十年真题，总结出题类型，我们发现出题频率从高到低依次为：定语从句、状语从句、被动语态、名词性从句以及一些特殊结构，像比较结构、否定结构、代词和非谓语动词的翻译。总结考点还要掌握必要的翻译技巧和翻译步骤，只有这样我们在应对翻译时才能得心应手。 第四，多做练习。俗话说“熟能生巧”，所以说做相当数量的练习是非常有必要的。那么我们选择什么材料来练习呢?首先是近十年翻译题每年的五个划线句子，其次是翻译的上下文;再就是每年传统阅读中的长难句。常见的重要短语及典型句型1.It is in （or with）as in （or with）It is in life as in a journey. 人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits，and not he who sees it done. 读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food. 精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。2.as good as / as well asIt is as good as done. 这就和做好了一样。It is broad as well as long. 那既长且宽。as good as 有两个含义：（1）amounting to ; not falling short of；等于；同样; 几如；; 不欠缺He was as good as his word. 他不爽约。（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect 实际上；其实；实在；在各要点上He is as good as dead already. 宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡as well as 有四个含义：（1）no less than; equally with 等于；不下于；亦；一样好I have understanding as well as you.（2）bothand；one equally with the other与、两者皆Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution. 适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。（3）与not onlybut also 有连带关系He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.（4）可以代替better thanAs well （= better） be hanged for a sheep as （ = than） for a lamb. 窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。3. As it is其含义为：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality. 相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根据（现在）情况看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数；即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用As they are.如果用来指人时，则为as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are. as it is 的过去式为as it was.其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。（1）用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致As it is，we cannot help him.As it was，we could not help him.（2）用于句末Lets keep it as it is.You mustnt go to the ball as you are. 你不能这样去参加舞会。有时it可以省略为as is ，意即：照现在的样子，常指不再修理或改进等情况。He has an old radio as is. 他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。Ill sell it to you as is，but dont complain if it doesnt work.（3）句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开A.虚拟语气句式but as it is / was，该结构意为：其实；事实上I thought things would get better，but as it is， they are getting worse and worse.The rice could have been got in yesterday if the weather had been fine， but as it was， it had to be left in the fields.B.过去分词as it is，表示强调前面的过去分词Written as it is in an interesting way， this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.Published as it was at such a time， his work attached much attention.C.现在分词 as it does（did）。意为：因为这样，（实际）所以Living as he does in Shanghai， he knows the place extremely well.Reading as he did many times， he could recite it fluently.几个类似的结构：A. as it stands 根据目前情况来看As it stands， it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.B. such as it is不怎么样，质量不过如此The room， such as it is， is very bright.C. as it were as if it were so. 属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it is 混淆He is ， as it were， a living dictionary.Comrade Lei Feng still lives， as it were ， in our heart.4.have + the + 抽象名词不定式I had the fortune to succeed. 我很幸运获得了成功。have = possess 原来指肉体和精神上的特征，现作为一种天赋而具有的。She had the cheek （ = impudence） to say such a thing. = She was so impudent as to say such a thing. 她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。How can you have the heart （ = hard-heartiness） to drown such darling little kittens？你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死？5.几个典型例句（1） . not so much. as （but） . 与其说还不如说（2） . not so much that.as （but） that. 与其说还不如说（3） . not so much as. （=not even） 甚至于不，连也不（4） . might as well . as. 与其说还不如说例1：He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.译文：与其说他是老师，还不如说是学者。（注意翻译时动作的对象）例2：It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality.译文：与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的品格。例3：Its not so much that I dont want to come but I just havent got the time.译文：倒不是因为我不想来，而是我根本没有时间。例4：He didnt so much as say thank you after all wed done for him.译文：我们为他干了那么多事，他甚至连谢谢都没有说一声。例5：You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.译文：与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。（注意翻译时动作的对象）注意：more . than .1） she is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。2） George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。以上第1）句是more. than结构的一般用法，即在两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较；而第2）句是就同一个人的两个不同方面作比较。因此要译成与其说还不如说。more.than结构在上述1） 2）两句中的用法也适用于less . than结构，得出相反的含义：例如：1） John is less daring than quick-witted. 与其说约翰胆大，不如说他脑子灵活。2） George was less intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治聪颖过人，不如说他言行放肆。2几个不定代词的固定搭配：have none of: 不参加；不准；不接受I will have none of your stupid ideas! 我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法！He was offered a job but he said hed have none of it. 他有一个工作机会，但他说他不接受。none but （=nothing but）: 只有 （=only）None but the brave deserves the fair. 只有英雄才配得上美人。She chose none but the best. 她只选最好的。She is nothing but a child. 她只不过是个孩子。none other than: （表示惊讶）不是别人，正是 （= no one else but）Its none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa.none the +比较级词+ for: 毫不，一点也不He spent 2 weeks in hospital but hes none the better for it.他在医院里待了两个星期，但一点也没好转。My car is none the worse for wear. 我的车子一点也没有损耗。none the wiser: 不知情If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.如果我们只拿一小块蛋糕，母亲是不会知道的。none too: （在形容词或副词前） 不太；一点都不The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。anything but: 除-之外什么都（此处的but等于except）决不（=not at all）I eat anything but （except） fish. 除了鱼，我什么都吃。She is anything but a good cook. 她决不是个好厨师。（即：除了好厨师，她什么都是。）anything of: （疑问句/条件句）一点点；（否定句）一点也（没有）Is he anything of a poet? 他有一点点诗人的样子吗？I havent seen anything of him lately. 最近我没有见过他。for anything: （否定句）（给什么都）不，决不I wont go there for anything. 我决不去那里。or anything: （意味着还有其他的可能性）If Bernard wants to call me or anything, Ill be here all day.如果伯纳德要找我或什么的，我整天都会在这儿。if anything: 若有任何不同的话If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.要说有什么不同的话，我的新工作反而比旧工作要难些。or something: 或什么的（表示说话者不能肯定）She is a stewardess or something. 她是空姐或什么的。something like: 有点像，大约An airship is shaped something like a cigar. 飞船的形状有点像雪茄。something of a.: 多少有点，有几分像，略懂hes something of a book collector. 他有几分像书籍收藏家。something to / in: （叙述等）有些道理Theres something to / in what you say; Ill take your advice.你说的有些道理，我会接受你的建议have / be something to do with: 与有关I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.我想盖佛克跟图谋炸毁桥梁有关。nothing but （= none but = only）: 仅仅，只不过We could see nothing but fog. 除了雾之外我们什么也看不见。for nothing: 免费的； 徒劳的； 无缘无故的She got the ticket for nothing. 她免费得到那张票。All our preparation for nothing! No ones even come to the party.我们为宴会所作的准备都白费了! 连一个人都没来。They quarreled for nothing. 他们无缘无故地争吵。make nothing of: （常和can一起用）不理解；不重视,轻视 （= think nothing of）I could make nothing of the passage. 我不理解这篇文章。He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day. 他不在乎一天工作十小时。to say nothing of: 更不用说（= not to mention / without mentioning）Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.三个人受了重伤，建筑物的损害更不用说了。have nothing to do with: 与无关I have nothing to do with the accident. 我与这场事故无关。nothing if not: 格外地；非常地 （= very / much / extremely）He was nothing if not clever. （= He was very clever.） 他格外聪明。nothing of: 无的部分；无的气质There was nothing of the lady in her behavior. 她的举止根本没有淑女的气质。区别：all but 几乎，差一点，除以外其余都是but for要不是but that+从句：若不是例1：She all but fainted when she heard the news.译文：她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。注：此句中a11 but意为nearly，almost。试对比：All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting译文：除了小孩，大家都认为这次旅行是激动人心的。此句中all but意为a11 except。例2：But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.译文：要不是下雨，我们的旅行本来是愉快的。例3：He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.译文：若不是他那时缺钱，他是会帮助我们的。注1）but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2）but that有灵活的译法。如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap（那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在怀里。）3名词+or+名词结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为 即；或者称例1：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.译文：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而动用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。4only + to do意为，结果却，即表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。例1: They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.译文：他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的票，（如果去了，）结果却可能发现，所演的节目令人失望。例2: They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.译文：他们匆匆忙忙赶到那儿，结果却发现会议被取消了。5not more / -er than 与 no more / -er than 结构比较：John is not better than Tom.John is no better than Tom.前一句表示约翰不比汤姆好，属于普通的比较结构；后一例用了no 情况就不同了。no better than 相当于as bad as，含义是两人一样坏。这里，no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的反意。例如： no richer than = as poor as和一样穷no bigger than = as small as 和一样小no later than = as early as 和一样早同样地：I have not taken more than six courses this semester.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.前一句的含义是本学期选的课不多于六门；后一句的含义是只选了六门。强调少。上述结构与表示前后都否定的no more.than （= not.any more than）又有所不同：例：A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.（鲸和马同样不是鱼。）另外，在某些结构中，单独使用more than 也能表示否定概念：例1：That is more than I can tell. 我简直不能说。例2：My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 我去北京不仅仅是旅游观光而已。6no more.than. （= not.any more than） 和样都不（表示前后都否定）例1：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。例2：There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink译文：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。例3：More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese译文：越来越多的美国黑人认识到他是个诡计多端的敌人。他仇视美国黑人，正像他仇视刚果人民一样。（直译：，他不爱美国黑人，正像他不爱刚果人一样。）注释：not.any more than是no more.than的一种强调形式。例如：1） Jack is no more intelligent than John. （=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.）杰克与约翰一样都不聪明。2） A man can no more fly than a bird can speak. （=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.） 人不会飞翔，就像鸟不会说话一样。3） As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese. （=As a nation，the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.）作为一个国家，法国正如日本一样不积极地从他们的战争失败中吸取教训。上述例句表明，no more.than并不表示比较，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意义的比较级用于否定时，than后面的从句不用否定式，但译成汉语时要用否定式。而与上述句型意义相反的是：no less.than，意为：和同样是。例如：Human is no less an animal than a monkey is. 人和猴都是动物。而no less than 的意思为：简直是，实在是，例如：1） It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。2） It is no less than a scandal. 这实在是一件丑闻。7not nearly （=by no means，far from） 远不例1: The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.译文：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。注：1） this是指上面提到的到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿。2） 又如：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job（这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。）8更不用说的表示法much lessstill less以上两短语引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定，less是由little的比较级，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，可译为更不用说，更不必说。to say nothing ofnot to speak ofnot to mentionlet alone这四个词组也意为 更不用说，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less和still less有所不同。这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定，即前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义；如果前一句是否定，则追加的是否定意义例1：I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.译文：我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。例2：He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry译文：他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。例3：I did not even see him, still less （= much less） shake hands with him.译文：我看也没有看见过他，哪里还谈得上同他握手呢?例4：In old China, here was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.译文：在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。例5：Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.译文：莎莉学了唱歌和舞蹈课，而且还学了游泳和网球课。例6：At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.译文：那时他连普通生活都不能维持，更不要说奢侈品了。例7：They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two 1ovely daughters.译文：他们有了三个好儿子，而且还有两个可爱的女儿。例8：I dont know algebra or geometry，not to mention calculus译文：我连代数、几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。例9：A11 they have to do is press a button，and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.译文：他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，而且还能看到各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。例10：I cant add two and two, let alone do fractions.译文：我连2加2都不会，更不要说做分数题了。注意：美国成语词典认为let alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs.9nothing else than 完全是，实在是例1: What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.译文：那人讲的话完全是一派胡言。例2: Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence.译文：你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奋。10It is not that.but that. 这不是说，而是说例1: It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.译文：这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和另一种情况下所用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。11can not.too. 再也不过分例1: We cannot be too careful of health. 我们无论如何注意健康也不为过。例2: You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 你开