高考英语语法复习专题------ 特殊句式（强调倒装省略特殊句型）

高考英语语法复习专题- 特殊句式（强调，倒装，省略，特殊句型）强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？e.g. When and where was it that you were born?4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。（二）not until 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。倒装句的要点复习（1）在以there、here、now、then、such引导的，引起人们注意的招呼句要倒装。There goes the bell. Here comes the bus.（2）表示动态的状语，置于句首时，句子要倒装。Off went the horse. In came the boss.From the speaker comes the doctors voice.（3）表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时。South of the town lie two steel factories.Between the two buildings stands a tall tree.e.g. Away hurried the boy.Out rushed the girl.注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。Here it is. Away they went.（4）否定词never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor等放在句首时，句子常倒装。如：By no means shall we give up.Never have I been to the USA.Seldom does she get up late in the morning.（5）在not only but also no sooner than 、hardly when 、scarcely when 、not until 、so that 、such that 句型中，主句倒装，从句不倒装，但要注意：neither nor 连接的句子前后两个分句都要倒装。Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful.Such great progress did he make that he was praised.So heavy is the box that I cant carry it.Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen.（6）Only + 状语或状语从句 +其他（only在句首时要倒装）。Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.（7）在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.（8）让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠词）Hard as he worded, he made little progress.（9）so、neither、nor放在句首时，表示前面的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用部分倒装。句型为: so/neither/nor/+be/助动词/情态动词+ 主语。 （10）表示祝愿的句子里。e.g. May you succeed!Long live the Peoples Republic of China!It的用法（一）作人称代词1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）They say he has left town, but I dont believe it. （it代替前面Theytown分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree）The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter.- Who is it?- Its me.- Who are singing?- It is the children.- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle?- No, I have sold it.- Is this knife yours?- No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is the one on the desk.5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）（二）作无人称代词it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hours walk to the factory.It is eighteen square metres in area.What does it matter?（三）作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it与that从句中间夹有 strange）但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句） 主谓一致1、语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。The number of students in our school is 1,700.Mary and Kelly look alike.2、意义上一致（1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。The crowd were running for their lives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。（2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news is very exciting.形复意单的单词有new、works（工厂）、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、politics、economics等。3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either or、neither nor、not only but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Either you or I am mad.4、应注意的若干问题（1）名词作主语。某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。My family is going out for a trip.The whole family are watching TV.这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。My uncles is not for from here.常见的省略名词有the bakers 、the barbars、the Zhangs等。表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：Richardsons have a lot of old goods to sell.当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。Thirty years has passed.Five minutes is enough to finish the task.不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary.如果主语有more than one 或many a 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。More than one student has seen the play.Many a boy has bought that kind of toy.但是，“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk.this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：This kind of men is dangerous.Men of theirs kind/sort are dangerous.复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。All of my students work hard.All of the oil is gone.在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如Between the two windows hangs an oil painting.（2）由连接词连接的名词作主语。用and或both and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。Truth and honesty is the best policy.To love and to be loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。以or、either or、neither nor、not only but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。（3）代词作主语。名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.Your shoes are white, mine (= my shoes) are black.such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。Such is our plan. Such are his last words.关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.Who lives next door? It is Wang and Li.不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：（A）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.（B）其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has(have) seen the film.（4）分数、量词作主语。“分数或百分数 +名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：Lots of damage was caused by flood.A number of students have gone to the countryside.A large quantity of people is needed here.Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table.a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。(5)名词化的形容词作主语。如果主语由“the + 形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如the unknown、the beautiful等。（6）从句作主语。由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。What we need is more money.What we need are more people/teachers.在“one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told by my father.She was the only one of the girls who was late for class today.（7）不定式、名动词（短语）作主语用单数形式；There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。 There is a book, two pens on the desk.There are two pens, a book on the desk.省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I) see you tomorrow.(It) Doesnt matter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。e.g. (There is) No smoking.(Is there) Anything wrong?Why (do you) not say hello to him?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。e.g. - Are you going there?- Id like to (go there).He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。e.g. - Are you an engineer?- No, but I want to be.- He hasnt finished the task yet. - Well, he ought to have.4、省略表语。e.g. - Are you thirsty?- Yes, I am (thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。e.g. Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.- Have you finished your work?- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。e.g. (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。e.g. - Is he coming back tonight?- I think so.- Is he feeling better today?- Im afraid not.这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I dont think so比I think not更常用）。（四）其它省略1、连词that的省略：、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。e.g. - I saw the boy fall from the tree.- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g. The boy did nothing but play.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。二、精典名题导解选择填空1.Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _to go to university.So do I .(上海 1998)A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped解析：答案为B。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则，不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式，排除A。选项C是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项D。2.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.（NMET 1996）A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were解析：答案为C。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。3.David has made great progress recently._, and _.(上海 1997)A.So he has; so you have B.So he has; so have youC.So has he; so have you D.So has he; so you have解析：答案为B。 本题考查倒装知识。“So + 主语 + 助动词”表“确实如此”，“So + 助动词 + 主语”表“也一样。”4.I would never ever come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! .A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I 解析：答案为B。本题主要考倒装，以so/nor/neither开头的倒装句子，在时态、语态、助动词、情态动词等谓语形式上，要尽可能与上文一致，故选B，排除A、D。如说“Its the same with me”也可，但不能省略“the”。5.The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.A. was B. were C. had been D. would be解析：答案为A。本题考查主谓一致及时态知识，句子的主语是the teacher, 后面跟with结构表补充说明，谓语应该与最前面的主语，即the teacher一致，应用单数，又因事情发生在地震的时候，因此应该用过去进行时。6. snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in forest.A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bringC. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring解析：答案为B。此题考查倒装句的用法not onlybut等有否定意义的连词及副词位于句首，句子使用部分倒装，故选B。e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).高考真题再现2007年39.Not only _the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it.(give)不仅要帮助残疾人找工作而且也要为那些需要的人提供医学治疗。2008年32.Seldom_video games ever since they entered college.(play) 自从他们进入大学，他们很少玩电视游戏。38. It is your efforts, not your intelligence, _your success.（determine） 正是你的努力而不是你的智商高低决定你的成功。2009年73.During his last lecture, the scientist _easier to explain the theory to those with some background knowledge.(find) 在他的上次演讲中，这个科学家发现对那些有一些背景知识的人解释这个理论要更容易些。2010年71. Only if people of all the countries are united _the existing problems in the world(solve) 只有所以国家的人民都联合起来，我们才能解决世界上现存的问题。2011年71.Not until two days after the earthquake _her mother alive（find） 直到地震发生两天后她才发现她母亲还活着。72._call me when you arriveJust come up to my houseIll be at home all day.（there）你到时没有必要打电话我，直接到我家里来，我一整天都会在家。78._that he had an important conference to attend the next morning（occur） 他突然想起第二天早上他有一个重要的会议要参加。80._and you will find the purple one is softer. (compare) 比较这两把牙刷，你会发现这把紫色的要柔软一些。2012年73. I dont know _in the novel that made him burst into tears. (what) 我不知道是小说中的什么东西使他突然泪如泉涌。 74. Little _what she looks like; all she cares about is her job performance. (care)她不在乎外表，她在乎的是自己的工作表现。I.特殊句型（固定句式）练习：1. _scientists must be creative and use their imagination all the time. (doubt) 毫无疑问,科学家必须总是具有创造性,利用想象力。2. _going on with the research because they have already done it. (point) 继续研究没有意义, 因为他们已经研究过了。3. _to have a holiday because he is a workaholic.( use)邀请他度假无用, 因为他是一个工作狂。4. _that the qualities of our living improved. (deny) 不可否认我们的生活质量提高了5. _ what she said was right. (obvious) 很明显她说的是对的。6. Engines are to machines _ (what) 发动机对于机器就如心脏对于动物一样。7. _that we should give him a hand. (strike) 我突然想到我们应该帮帮他。8. When you are taking your examination, you _(careful) 当你考试时，你怎么小心也不过分。9. _tomorrow? (what ) 要是明天下雨怎么办？10.I would _you would like to teach me how to use the machine. (appreciate) 如果你能教我如何用这个机器我将不胜感激。11._ whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals. (remain) Jim是否将足够适合打决赛还拭目以待。12._whether he goes or not. (make) 他去不去对我无关紧要。13. It was the first time that _, anyhow, I was confident of myself. ( undertake ) 我是首次承担如此重要的任务，不管怎样，我对自己有信心。14. He _in Britain for two years when young, but he did not even understand some of English I spoke. (say) 据说他年轻时在英国学习过两年，然而他甚至不懂我说的一些英语。15. Jake is late again. _to keep others waiting. ( typical ) 杰克又迟到了，他通常让别人等他。16. What he said is true_ the question. (come) 当涉及到这个问题时他说的是对的。17._that all of us will pass the exam. ( chance) 很有可能我们所有的人都将通过考试。18. _ he got the first place in the exam. ( wonder) 难怪他考试得了第一名19._,Rome was not built in a day. ( as) 正如谚语说“冰冻三尺非一日之寒”。20.The thief was _his cellphone when someone coughted. ( point) 贼正要去偷他的手机，这时有人发出咳嗽声。21._I was not there that day. (happen) 碰巧我那天不在那儿。22._50 people died in the accident. ( report) 据报道50人死于这场事故。23. _he realized that he could hardly perform the task on his own. (before) 不久他就意识到他凭自己一个人是很难完成这项任务的。24. _you graduate from the school.（before） 再过六个月你就从这个学校毕业了。25._since we began to learn English. (be)自从